New biomarkers for diagnosing and treatment of kidney failure disease

Abstract

Start losing its ability to filter nitrogenous waste product from the blood, leading to its retention. kidney failure has become one of the most common diseases in this century. It occurs when the kidneys are harmed. Reduced urine production, swelling of the legs, ankles, and feet, shortness of breath, exhaustion, nausea, confusion, seizures, chest pain, and coma are all indications of renal failure. There are two types of kidney disease: acute renal injury and chronic renal failure. Acute kidney damage is characterized by a reduction in glomerular filtration rate that lasts from hours to days and is usually reversible. For chronic renal disease, which is usually irreversible and is defined by a decline in glomerular filtration rate to less than 60 ml/minute or increased serum creatinine for more than 3 months .Cr, BUN, Alb, UA and Urea, are one of the classic biomarkers that have been used for many years to predict the renal failure, but because they display poor specificity and sensitivity in predicting early changes in kidney function, therefore there were a need for new biomarkers that give more accurate and specific results than the classic biomarkers. The new biomarkers include, kidney injury molecule1 (KIM1), neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), cystatin-C (cyc-C), clusterin (clu), interleukin-18 (IL-18), alpha-1 microglobulin (a1 M), beta-2 microglobulin (b-2 M), osteopontin, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos), livertype fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), and Fetuin-A. Therefore the study aims to shed light on the most important of these evidence.