@Article{, title={Thermodynamic and Kinetic Investigation of Desalination by Refrigerant Clathrate Hydrate Formation}, author={Lina W. Mahmood and Riyadh S. AL-Mukhtar and Shurooq T. AL-Hemeri}, journal={Engineering and Technology Journal مجلة الهندسة والتكنولوجيا}, volume={37}, number={1 Part (c) special}, pages={29-44}, year={2019}, abstract={Abstract-Gas hydrate is a crystalline solid compound form of water withhydrophobic gas at certain conditions (pressure and temperature). The hydrogenbond in water molecules constructs a framework as a host that entraps gasmolecules (gust). Gas hydrate can be applied to many industries such as gasseparation, cool storage, food concentration and desalination. Hydrate route looksa promising alternative technology compared to the conventional process, byutilizing a proper gas host, which can be held within water cavities composed byhydrogen-bonded water molecules. In this study the selected host gas wasRefrigerant R134a, the work consists of an experimental and theoreticalinvestigation dealing with hydrate formation for the ternary system (water,refrigerant gas, salt) at different initial pressures, the salts were NaCl, KBr andNaF. Method of isochoric pressure search method was used to measure thepressure and temperature for hydrate formation and conduction the three phasesof (hydrate-liquid-vapour). The measurements were performed with pressurerange (0.1 - 0.4) MPa and the temperatures about (275.2 – 283)K at theconcentrations of (0.09,0.17 and 0.26)mol/kg for each salt. The kinetics of R134aclathrate formation for ternary systems (R134a, water and salt) at various typesand concentrations of salts. Many objective functions were obtained from thekinetic model for hydrate formation, such as the amount of gas consumed, thegrowth rate, and the conversion of the water to hydrate. The results showed theeffect of the initial pressure on the gas consumed, the rate of growth and water tohydrate conversion, that when the initial pressure increase the moles of R134a gasconsumed was increased due to the increased driving force of hydrate formation,also other functions were increased. While the increasing in the concentration ofsalt for all types will be decreased gas consumed, whereas water to hydrateconversion, the growth rate is slightly decreased. And from the results noticed thepresence of different salts in the ternary systems have an effect on thethermodynamics inhibition of refrigerant hydrates and the inhibition increaseswith the presence of NaCl salt in the ternary system more than other types of saltand also increases with increase the concentration of salt.

} }