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Aim: To assess Atrial and Brain natriuretic peptide levels in subjects with congenital heart disease, and their role in evaluation left ventricular function among these subjects. Methods: Sixty two subjects with congenital heart disease (28 males, 34 females) aged1-20years, were studied in the Echocardiography unit at Ibn-Sena teaching hospital in Mosul, during the period of 1 year, from 1st October 2004 to 30th September 2005. The study also included 20 apparently healthy volunteers (9 males and 11 females) aged 2-20 years as control group. for every subject participate in the study Plasma concentration of ANP and BNP, and left ventricular ejection fraction were determined Results: The mean of plasma level of ANP and BNP were significantly higher in cyanotic subjects with congenital heart disease compared with non-cyanotic (P≤ 0.002; P≤ 0.0001) and control subjects (P≤ 0.001; P≤ 0.0001). The mean of LVEF% was significantly lower in cyanotic subjects compared with non-cyanotic subjects (P≤0.0001) and control group (P≤ 0.0001), but there was no significant difference in the mean of LVEF% between non-cyanotic subjects and control group. The result of study showed a significant negative correlation between the mean of BNP and mean of LVEF% in cyanotic subjects (r=-0.8; p≤ 0.01), non-cyanotic subjects (r=- 0.7; p≤ 0.01), groups I (r=- 0.8; p≤ 0.01), groups II(r=- 0.75; p≤ 0.01) and groups III (r=- 0.69; p≤ 0.02). There was also a significant negative correlation between the mean of ANP and mean of LVEF% in groups I (r=- 0.38; p≤ 0.02). Conclusion: the result of this study reviled that increased plasma level of ANP and BNP are common in subjects with congenital heart disease and it s strongly correlated with the ventricular function. However, the plasma level of BNP appear to be superior to ANP as efficient, non-invasive cardiac markers for facilitating diagnosis of various pattern of congenital heart disease.

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Aim of this study:Our study is confined to the out come of management of the residual cavity of liver hydatid cysts. Background: Hydatid is a Latin word meaning a drop of water .The causative organism of Hydatid disease is the post-larval metacestode stage of tape worm Echinococcus granulosus has world-wide distribution .Despite the clinical presentation the disease is to be diagnosed and treated at the earliest because the complications of cysts like infection, rupture, biliary obstruction and anaphylaxis may be life-threatening. Patient and methods: A prospective study conducted at the department of surgery at Al Sader teaching hospital from the first of December 2008 to the end of October 2009 and included 77 patients have liver hydatid cysts divided into two groups. The residual cavity at the first group (42 patients) was managed by tube drainage procedure while the others (35 patients) managed by omentopexy procedure. Results: There were 53 females and 24 males in this study .The mean age is (32 years). The peak age incidence from (20-29 years) .Post operative bile leakage was found (9) folds more in patients treated with external tube drain than in patients treated with omentopexy gives high statistical significance between them P value =0.0027 The mean hospital stay was longer for external drainage technique in comparison to Omentopexy group and for complicated cases than uncomplicated cases. Conclusion : There is no single approach to deal with residual cavity of hydatid cysts of liver, and every case should has its individual way of intervention, we conclude that omentopexy has less morbidity, shorter hospital stay and it is the best technique in managing both complicated and uncomplicated hepatic hydatid cysts. Key words: hydatid cyst, residual cavity, omentoplasty

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The present study was undertaken to asses the effect of different direct electric current (200mA, 400mA and 600mA) on the activity of protoscolices of the larval stage of Echinococcus granuosusin vitro and in vivo. The hydatid cysts were collected from the sheep livers in the Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf carnage, they were divided into 5 groups(5 cysts in each group), the first group was considered as the control group where there was no electric current used, in the other 4 groups an electric current 200mA,400mA, 600mA and 800mA passed through the hydatid cysts respectively, each cyst then was opened separately and its fluid was collected in sterile test tubes, then the protoscolices were isolated to evaluate their activity. 20 rats were enrolled in this study (5 rats in each group). The first group was considered as the positive control group in which rats were injected with 1ml of protoscolices from the group that did not expose to electric current. The second group was considered as the negative control group in which rats were injected with 1ml of normal saline not exposed to electric current. In the third and forth groups rats were injected with 1ml of protoscolices that were exposed to electric current 600mA and 800mA respectively. After 3 months the rats underwent laparatomy and biopsies from the liver, spleen and lung were taken to study the histopathologic changes.The in vitro study showed that there were significant effects and the percent of killing of the peotoscolices reached 100% both at zero time (at 800mA) and at the fourth minute (at 600mA). While the in vivo study showed that the number and size of the cysts in the body organs like liver, lung and spleen were decreased in the third and forth group when compared with the positive control group. Microscopically, there were inflammatory cells and cysts in the infected organs of the positive control group which were disappeared when treated with the electric current without any histological changes.

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Background: Colonoscopy is a method of endoscope that has had a major role in diagnosis and treatment. Colonoscopy also is used to look for causes of unexplained changes in bowel habits (diarrhea or constipation) and to evaluate symptoms like abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, weight loss and unexplained anemia. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the benefits of histopathological examination of colonic biopsy in patients who had normal colonoscopy result and presented with different symptoms (chronic diarrhea and others). Method: During a period between 1st of August 2008 to 1st of August 2009, a prospective and retrospective study was done on 100 patients who presented with different symptoms and admitted to gastrointestinal tract center in Al-Sulaimania teaching hospital for colonoscopic examination. All the patients who were found to have a normal colonoscopic result and biopsies were taking from them were included. Results: Most frequent patients were in the 4th decade of life and nearly equal male to female ratio. It was found that 43% of all patients with normal colonoscopy had abnormal colonic histopathology (microscopic colitis 28%, non specific colitis 15%), and normal histopathology in 57% for different presenting symptoms. Most common presenting symptom was chronic diarrhea found in 40% and their histopathological diagnosis were mainly lymphocytic colitis found in 16 patients (40%). Conclusion: It was found that there was abnormal colonic histopathology in 31 patients (77.5%) of 40 patients with chronic diarrhea and in 9 patients only (22.5%) were normal. So according to this study, a diagnostic investigation for chronic diarrhea and other symptoms using a flexible colonoscopy is highly efficient and cost effective.

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Objective: The present investigation was designed to estimate the immunohistochemical expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in squamous cell carcinoma of urinary bladder in correlation to the grade of differentiation as a prognostic parameters and to determine whether the expression is correlated with the increased incidence of this type of cancer. Methods: Formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks from 20 (15 male and 5 female) patients with squamous cell carcinoma of urinary bladder were submitted in this study in the Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kufa University. A group of 10 patients with benign bladder lesions (cystitis) was included in this study as a control group. The Avidin-Biotin Complex (ABC) method was employed for immunohistochemical detection of VEGF. Statistically Chi square and Correlation-Regression (R) tests were used by the help of SPSS, using the P value significance at level equal or less than 0.05 and R value at level 0.3. Results: VEGF immuno-expression was positive in 40% of squamous cell carcinoma of urinary bladder but was negative in all benign bladder lesions (cystitis) with significant difference (P<0.05). VEGF immunostaining was positively correlated with grade of squamous cell carcinoma of urinary bladder but the findings were not statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: These findings support the role of VEGF in the carcinogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of urinary bladder regarding its biological behavior and aggressiveness, and thus VEGF overexpresion could be considered as a poor prognostic parameter in squamous bladder cancer. No positive correlation has been noticed between immunohistochemical expression and the high incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of urinary bladder.

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Herbal medicines are widely used because of their convenience, less side effects and low cost, so investigation on such agents from traditional medicinal plants has become more important in present day studies on medical sciences. Garlic is one of the most popular herbs used in the traditional medicine of many cultures for the treatment of diabetes. The medicinal use of garlic dates back to thousands of years. Historically, there has been great interest in the role of garlic in reducing cardiovascular risk factors, but there was little scientific support of its therapeutic and pharmacologic effectiveness until recently. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of garlic on metabolic control and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients. Fifty nine patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and newly diagnosed dyslipidaemia were enrolled in this study. A full history and complete physical examination was performed. Those patients were not taking any medication for the treatment of their disease a part from dietary modification and they are disease free other than diabetes. Type 2 diabetic patients were followed up for 12weeks and divided randomly into 2 groups. Group I(n=26) no drug was given and designed as diabetic control group . Group II(n=33) underwent treatment with 500mg garlic extract soft gel two times daily for 12 weeks and designated as diabetic treated group . From fifty nine patients participated in this study, fifty five patients reached the end of the study while four patients withdrew (one patient from group I and three patients group II) . Blood samples were drawn from the patients at the beginning and after 12weeks of follow up for testing fasting blood glucose, 2hours postprandial blood sugar and lipid profile including total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), low density lipoprotein(LDL-C), high density lipoprotein(HDL-C) and very low density lipoprotein(VLDL-C) . Renal and liver functions were also assessed . This study revealed the following results: fasting blood glucose, TC and LDL-C were highly significantly reduced (p<0.01) and HDL-C was significantly increased (p<0.05) while 2hours postprandial blood glucose, triglyceride and VLDL-C show insignificant reduction (p>0.05) in garlic treated group before and after 12weeks of follow up . Furthermore, garlic consumption caused a highly significant reduction (p<0.01) in fasting blood glucose, 2hours postprandial blood sugar, total cholesterol and LDL-C and a significant decrement (p<0.05) in triglyceride and VLDL-C whereas HDL-C revealed a significant increment (p<0.05) at the end of 12weeks in comparison to dyslipidaemic diabetic control group . In conclusion, garlic exerts anti-hyperglyaemic and lipid lowering effects, suggesting that garlic could be used as a supplementary drug for the treatment of patients with diabetes and dyslipidaemia preventing diabetic complications.

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Introduction: Acute renal failure (ARF) is an important clinical problem with a high mortality and morbidity. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) was considered one of the primary causes of ARF. Inflammatory process is thought to be the major mechanism that contribute to I/R injury. There are evidences of the importance of thyroid hormone (TH) in the response of the myocardium to ischemic stress and cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction. 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid (DITPA) is a synthetic TH analogue with a low metabolic activity. Also DITPA have evidences of improving effects on I/R in heart through modulation of cellular signaling in response to ischemic stress and this modulation may be beneficial in protection from renal I/R damage. Objectives: The objective of present study was to assess the effects of DITPA on renal I/R injury and the resulted kidney dysfunction in a mouse model. Materials and Methods: A total of 18 Adult males of Swiss albino mice were randomized to three groups: I/R group (n=6), mice underwent 30 minute bilateral renal ischemia and 48 hr reperfusion. Sham group (n=6), mice underwent same anesthetic and surgical procedures except for ischemia induction. DITPA treated group: (n=6), I/R + DITPA (3.75 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection. After the end of reperfusion phase mice were sacrificed, blood samples were collected directly from the heart for determination of serum IL-18, IL-6, urea and Creatinine. Both kidney were excised, the right one homogenized for oxidative stress parameters (MDA and GSH) measurements and the left kidney fixed in formalin for histological examination. Results: Serum IL-18, IL-6, urea and Creatinine, kidney MDA levels and scores of histopathological changes were significantly (P< 0.05) elevated in I/R group as compared with that of sham group. Kidney GSH level was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in I/R group as compared with that of sham group. DITPA caused non-significant (P>0.05) changes in levels of all study parameters as compared with that of I/R group. Conclusion: The results of the present study show that DITPA insignificantly ameliorated kidney damage resulted from I/R.

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This study was designed to compare the results of sperm parameters for asthenozoospermic patients pre- and post-activation in vitro using a new simple medium and direct swim-up technique. Fifty asthenozoospermic patients were involved in the present study with age within range 22-41 years and duration of infertility 2-10 years. From each patient, semen sample was taken and seminal fluid analysis (SFA) was done. A new simple medium was prepared based on Ringer solution supplemented with additives sodium pyruvate and human serum albumin (5% or 10%) which referred as SMART medium (Simple Medium for Assisted Reproductive Techniques; SMART). SMART and Earl's media were used for in vitro sperm activation by direct swim-up technique. Sperm concentration, sperm motility (%), sperm grade activity (%), normal sperm morphology (%) and sperm agglutination (%) were assessed. Crude data were statistically analyzed. From the results of present study, it was appeared that most sperm parameters were significantly (P<0.05) enhanced post-activation in vitro as compared to pre-activation using SMART medium by direct swim-up technique. After in vitro sperm activation, the percentages of progressive sperm activity with grade A, total progressive sperm motility (grades A and B) and normal sperm morphology were significantly increased (P<0.05) in both treated groups as compared to control groups. However, highly significant (P<0.01) and positive correlations for sperm concentration and normal sperm morphology (%) were observed among groups of pre- and post-activation. It was concluded that the SMART medium was suitable for enhancement of sperm parameters of asthenozoospermic patients using direct swim-up technique. Further studies are needed to evaluate effects of SMART medium on successful rate of intrauterine insemination.

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Background Diarrheal diseases are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children world wide, the enteropathogens that are infectious in a small inoculum are (Shigella, Enteric Viruses, Giardia lamblia. Entamoeba histolytica and Escherichia coli Objectives To identify the causes and risk factors of acute diarrhea in breastfed infant Materials and methods A random sample of 70 breastfed infants was collected from the casuality and pediatric wards of Maternity and Childhood hospital in Al-Najaf city from the period of 1st of August, 2009 to the 1st of Jan, 2010 . Physical examination and growth parameter was done to each infant and investigations including (general stool examination., general urine examination , stool culture and antibiotic sensitivity, stool for Rota virus (Ag). Blood culture , chest X ray and urine culture and antibiotic sensitivity ). Results Twenty eight (40%) of infant were found to have +ve stool examination for microorganism, and the commonest microorganism was E. coli in 18 (64.2%). While 42 (60%) infants have -ve stool examination 25 (35.8%) of them with signs of extra intestinal infection as (pneumonia, sepsis, urinary tract infectionand otitis media) and 17 (24.2%) have no signs of extra intestinal infection, 40 (57%) of infant were partially breast fed 14 (20%) complementary feeding introduced to them and only 6 (8.5%) have full breast feeding. The growth parameters of the infants were normal and all of them were improved and discharged from the hospital in good health. Conclusions Exclusive breast feeding is the best way to protect the baby against diarrhea

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Background: Tumor stage, histologic grade, and regional lymph node status are currently used to obtain prognostic information about bladder cancers. However, additional prognostic indicators are needed to aid clinicians in selecting patients who would benefit most from specific therapies. A majority of studies assessing the prognostic value of measuring tumor angiogenesis (i.e., measurement of tumor microvessel densities) have found a positive association between increasing microvessel densities and worsening prognosis. Purpose: We explored the relationship between established prognostic indicators and the extent of tumor-associated angiogenesis in patients with invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. Methods: Tumor angiogenesis were assessed by calculating standard microvessels density (MVD) identified by using immunostaining of endothelial cells with murine antihuman monoclonal antibody recognizing CD34 on endothelial cells Each slide was first scanned on low magnification (X10) to identify the four areas with highest density of microvessels (hot spots); each spots then was evaluated at high power magnification (X40) and the number of stained vessels per high power field (X40) were determined. The final MVD score was obtained from these four field and MVD was determined and calculated. Results: We found that there is significant correlation between mivrovessels and tumor grade (P<0.5), (Table 3), and also significant correlation of microvessels density with staging of the bladder carcinoma, (Table 4). Conclusion :Neovasculrization (angiogenesis) is very important for establishment and progression of tumor , so assessment of tumor vascularization whether by counting the microvessels density or other method may be of value regarding predicting further management and prognosis.

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Despite recent advances in antimicrobial chemotherapy and burns management, infection continues to be an important problem in the burns. Treatment of multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which causes burn infection, is a big challenge in clinics and needs novel strategies. Failure of the current treatment strategies to control many cases of burns infections, the local and systemic adverse effects that are produced by many topical antibiotics (especially in infants, children, pregnant ladies, and elderly people), and the delay of healing caused by many antiseptics, make a strong motive to find out a new, safe and effective products. Many recent studies were done to find out natural products that have antimicrobial properties, and enhance the healing process. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro activity of different types of honey against P. aeruginosa in comparison to the ciprofloxacin one of the antibiotics used in treatment of burns infection by using disk diffusion method and agar dilution MICs assay. The mean±SE inhibition zone in mm were (12.1± 0.41, 11.25 ± 0.27, 11.05 ± 0.29) and MICs {(20% - 10%), 20%, 20%} for Sider, Acacia, Eucalyptus respectively. So the conclusion was that all tested types of honey exerted a good in vitro antimicrobial activity against all tested isolates.

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Objective: To assess the rate of immunohistochemical expression of Her2/neu and P53, and their coexistence in serous ovarian carcinoma in relation to the grade of differentiation as a prognostic parameter. Methods: Thirty cases of serous ovarian carcinomas and their corresponding paraffin blocks from 2008-2009 were submitted in this study in the Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kufa University. Ten biopsies of normal ovarian tissues were considered as control group. ABC method was used to determine the expression of Her2/neu and p53 in these cases. Statistically Chi square and regression tests were used by the help of SPSS version 10, using the P value significance at level < or 0.05 and 0.3 respectively. Results: p53 overexpression was detected in 13 cases (43.3%) while her2/neu was detected in 8 cases (26.6%) of serous ovarian cancer with 6.6% coexistence overexpression of both markers. None of the normal ovarian tissues revealed immunohistochemical expression for both p53 and Her2/neu, with significant level of expression between malignant and benign tissues (p< 0.001). p53 overexpression was reported more frequently in higher grades of differentiation with significant level of expression (p<0.05) this indicates that serous ovarian tumors with positive p53 expression are biologically bearing more aggressive behavior, while her2/neu expression show no positive correlation with the degree of differentiation, the relation about which a lot of debates are still present. Only 2 cases showed coexistent overexpression of both markers without significant difference with grade of tumor. Conclusion: p53 expression is significantly found in high grade ovarian serous carcinoma and considered to be a good prognostic parameters, while her2/neu overexpression has no significant difference among different grades of tumor. So coexistent overexpression of both markers could not be considered as significant prognostic parameter.

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Background: The prevalence of cardiac valves sclerosis in end - stage renal disease patients is high and information regarding risk factors is scarce.Valvular heart sclerosis accounts for considerable morbidity and some mortality among patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). the aims of this study were to determine the incidence of cardiac valve sclerosis and the impact of the age ,sex, duration and mode of dialysis , the presence or absence of hypertension and Diabetes mellitus, the product of serum calcium x phosphate, some medications taken by patients (including vitamin D analogue and oral calcium) and the levels of; serum cholesterol , serum triglyceride and serum albumin on the valvular sclerosis in these patients . Methods: sixty uremic patients were assessed echocardiographically for the presence of valve sclerosis ,medical records were reviewed to assess presence or absence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in each patient, consumption of oral calcium and vitamin D analogue was also noted. finally, the laboratory parameters studied were serum calcium, serum, phosphate ,CA x PO4 product, lipid profile and serum albumin. Another sixty non uremic control group were also assessed echocardiographically for the presence of the valve sclerosis. Results: the results of this study showed that valvular sclerosis were common in uremic patients requiring dialysis , and the age of the patients ,duration of dialysis, calcium x phosphate product , oral vitamine D analogue and calcium medication , hypertriglyceremia and hypoalbuminemia were related to the occurrence of valvular sclerosis in uremic patients. Conclusion: the results of this study confirm numerous risk factors for cardiac valve sclerosis in patients with chronic renal failure, specifically older age ,duration of dialysis , high CA x PO4 product , oral vitamine D analogue and calcium medication , hypertriglyceremia and hypoalbuminemia. Early identification of factors that might be related to valve sclerosis in uremic patients may prevent or hinder the extent of cardiovascular events associated with valvular sclerosis.

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Objectives: to determine the percentage of high blood pressure (prehypertension & hypertension) as well as to address some epidemiological variables that contributes to high blood pressure in school age children. Methods: a cross sectional study was conducted on 323 (46.4% boys ,53.6% girls) primary school students aged (9-11 years) selected from primary schools in Najaf city center during the period from March 2009 till May 2009.The Blood pressure was measured on at least three separated occasions using standardized sphygmomanometers with appropriate cuff size. Weight and height of all children were measured and body mass index calculated .A questionnaire paper was sent with the student to be filled out by parents (all the parents were educated). Special charts for blood pressure, body weight & body mass index were used in the study. Results: high blood pressure (prehypertension & hypertension) was found in 5.5% of students all of them were undiagnosed & not receive any medications, Obesity was reported in 9.6% of Studied & 38.9 % of them have high blood pressure. Conclusion: there was a significant statistical correlation between hypertension and increasing body mass index & between hypertension & child gender ( more in female than male child ),. the study showed that no one of the students with high blood pressure (prehypertension &hypertension) was previously diagnosed and no one had any symptom & routine measurement of blood pressure for children was recommended.

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Background: Nephrotoxicity is a major problem of Cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment, despite its beneficial role in organ transplantation and in a variety of immunologic disorders. Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate the potential renoprotective role of telmisartan in amelioration of chronic CsA induced nephrotoxicity. Materials and Methods: the rats were randomized into 4 equal groups. Group 1 received normal saline (control), group 2 received Cremophor EL and ethanol (CsA vehicle), group 3 received CsA 25mg/kg/day s.c and group 4 received telmisartan 3mg/kg/day orally in addition to CsA. The rats were pair fed a standard chow diet throughout the experiment period (8 weeks). Results: CsA nephrotoxicity was assessed in terms of increased S.Cr, blood urea and serum K. CsA also caused significant increase (p<0.01) in MDA and significant decrease (p<0.01) in GSH and catalase in renal tissue. Telmisartan failed to restore the altered renal functions. On the other hand, it causes a significant improvement in the histological changes including the tubulointerstisial fibrosis and arteriolopathy (p<0.01). It also caused significant reduction (p<0.01) in CsA-induced oxidative stress. These findings suggested that telmisartan has a promising renoprotective effect against chronic CsA induced nephrotoxicity

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Acute lung injury following hemorrhagic shock/resuscitation is an important contributor to late morbidity and mortality in trauma patients. Hemorrhagic shock followed by resuscitation is considered as an insult frequently induces a systemic inflammatory response syndrome and oxidative stress that results in multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome including acute lung injury. Montelukast is a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist exerts an anti inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Objectives The objective of present study was to assess the possible protective effect of montelukast against hemorrhagic shock-induced acute lung injury via interfering with inflammatory and oxidative pathways. Materials and Methods Eighteen adult Albino rats were assigned to three groups each containing six rats: group I, sham group, rats underwent all surgical instrumentation but neither hemorrhagic shock nor resuscitation was done; group II, Rats underwent hemorrhagic shock (HS) for 1hr then resuscitated with Ringer’s lactate (1hr) (induced untreated group, HS); group III, HS + montelukast (7 mg/kg i.p. injection 30 min before the induction of HS, and the same dose was repeated just before reperfusion period). At the end of experiment (2 hr after completion of resuscitation), blood samples were collected for measurement of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The lungs were harvested, excised and the left lung was homogenized for measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) and the right lung was fixed in 10% formalin for histological examination. Results Montelukast treatment significantly reduced the total lung injury score compared with the HS group (P < 0.05). Montelukast also significantly decreased serum TNF-α & IL-6; and lung MDA as compared with the HS group (P < 0.05). Montelukast treatment significantly prevented the decrease in the lung GSH levels compared with the HS group (P < 0.05). Conclusions The results of the present study reveal that montelukast may ameliorate lung injury in shocked rats via interfering with inflammatory and oxidative pathways implicating their role in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic shock-induced lung inflammation.

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Diabetes type2 is characterized by hyperglycemia, this hyperglycemia result from dysfunction of beta – cells to secret adequate insulin that maintain serum glucose concentration. C- peptide is an peptide with 31 amino acid this peptide play an important function in the synthesis of insulin, and now used as reliable indicator for insulin secretion in diabetes mellitus type 2. We studied the effects of antidiabetic drug glibenclamide versus glibenclamide plus metformin on serum glucose concentration and serum c- peptide concentration in comparison with control group. 84 patients enrolled in this study and divided into 3 groups, in the first group patients treated with glibenclamide. In the second group patients treated with glibenclamide plus metformin. While the third group normal patients represent as control group. Then we estimated the postprandial serum glucose concentration and serum c- peptide concentration for each patient in all groups. Data collected and statistically analyzed. We find that there is significant increase in serum glucose concentration in glibenclamide group and glibenclamide plus metformin when compared with control group; also there is significant decrease in serum c- peptide concentration in glibenclamide group and glibenclamide plus metformin group when compared with control group. These results strongly indicate that, there is a failure in effects of antidiabetic drugs used by Iraqi patients and there is dysfunction of beta –cells of pancreas to normalized serum glucose concentration.

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Three hundred and fifty six infertile male patients, their age ranged from 21 – 40 years (mean 32.2 years), were studied prospectively and retrospectively in infertility center in Al-Sader teaching hospital from January 2008 to septemper2010. This study showed that the most common treatable causes were idiopathic group 49.43%, leukospermic group 26.12 % and varicocelic group 24.43%. Rare and untreatable causes were excluded.Our results showed significant improvement (p<0-05), in semen parameters for varicocelic, leukospermic and idiopathic groups (58.62%, 39.075%, and 17.61%) respectively. There was no significant difference between 3 months and six months hormonal therapy. (p>0-05).There was significant increase in pregnancy rate in varicocelic and leukospermic group.

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Background: Garcinia cambogia is a herbal remedy extracted from pumpkin like fruit used for treatment of various health conditions. Hydroxycitrate, the principle ingredient of Garcinia cambogia, has been shown to be a powerful lipogenic inhibitor. Blood viscosity regarded as an important factor for many diseases. Many parameters are affecting the blood viscosity such as packed cell volume, fibrinogen and serum cholesterol. Aim of the study: This study was conducted to determine the effects of Garcinia cambogia on blood viscosity profile. Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, AL-Mustansirya University from September to December 2009. Twenty healthy male volunteers aged between 20 and 22 years enrolled in this study. Those volunteers randomly assigned equally, in a double-blind manner into two group; group (A) take Garcinia cambogia oral tablets and group (B) take placebo tablets ,the duration of therapy was two weeks. Blood viscosity, packed cell volume, plasma fibrinogen, and serum cholesterol were performed at day one and at the end of 1st and 2nd week of treatment. Results: This study showed that after one week treatment with Garcinia cambogia there was significant reduction in blood viscosity and plasma fibrinogen. Moreover two weeks treatment with Garcinia cambogia produced significant reduction in blood viscosity, plasma fibrinogen and serum cholesterol (P<0.05). An exception was the packed cell volume which is not altered (P>0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that Garcinia cambogia favorably affect blood viscosity. Though further clinical studies are recommended, the use of Garcinia cambogia in treatment and prevention of diseases that related to high blood viscosity is promising.

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The widespread and rapidly increasing use of computerize tomography (CT) has raised the burden of radiation to patients with consequent raise of risk of radiation-induced cancer. Objective: to assess patient's awareness of the risk of cancer from CT radiation and the level of patient's informing. Methods: A questionnaire was administrated to 100 patients (55 female, 45 male) who were referred to CT unit. Results: Majority of patients (86%) have no awareness of the high radiation implied by CT examinations and the increased risk of cancer. Sixty three (63%) of referred patients had not been informed about risk neither by referring physician, radiologist nor by the CT technologist, however 40 of them (63.5%) would accept examination, 15 (23%) would refuse it and 8 (12.7%) would hesitate if they had been told about that risk. Conclusion: There is great deficiency in the patient's knowledge of the risk from CT radiation and majority are not informed by medical personnel. Urgent actions and programs, specially implicating media, to reasonably educate patient about these issues seems necessary. Further larger-sample studies to assess awareness of patients as well as medical staff are recommended.

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This study was carried out on 24 subjects infected with toxoplasmosis who had high levels of IgM ( anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodie), as well as 10 healthy people as a control matching age group. The Toxoplasma gondii immunoglobulin levels and both interleukines were detected by ELISA techniques, which were carried out in Babylon public health laboratory during the period from January till June 2010. This Study reflected that, the main age group of infection ranged from 25-34 yeares old, with highly significant changes of both interleukins among first abortion toxoplasmosis patients. The results also showed a highly significant change of both interleukins (IL-10 & IL-12) which are reduced among all age groups of patiens in association with high levels of anti-T. gondii IgM, in comparison with control samples. Monitoring of the activity of the disease is associated with high level of anti-T. gondii IgM and reduced level of both IL-10 and IL-12 respectively.

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Infertility is a common abnormalities nowadays, in about 50% of cases the causes due to certain pathology in male. One of the common criteria for determination of fertility status in males is seminal fluid analysis. This study was conducted on 166 male attending infertility center in Al-Sadr teaching hospital, Najaf city during period from March to October 2009. Our aim was to determine which seminal fluid analysis parameters are important to determine fertility potential and which male should be regarded as subfertile. Seminal analysis was performed for every participant and compared with WHO criteria. The result of the study showed that sperm count, motility and quality and seminal fluid volume is less in smokers than non smokers (P value for concentration and morphology <.0001) In addition to this the sperm count and motility was less in those who work in hot weather. In conclusion the study showed that sperm count and morphology is more important than sperm motility and seminal fluid volume in determination of pregnancy. The study also showed that smoking, obesity, and hot weather lead to decrease fertility.

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Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the blood vessel wall, characterized in early stages by endothelial dysfunction, staffing and activation of monocyte/ macrophages. Glimepiride is one of the third generation sulphonylurea drugs useful for manage of diabetes mellitus type tow and it may exert anti inflammatory activity by induction of nitric oxide production or through selective suppression of the cyclooxygenase pathway. Objectives: The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of glimepiride on atherosclerosis via interfering with inflammatory and oxidative pathways. Methods: Eighteen local domestic male rabbits were involved in this study. The animals were randomly divided into three groups , Group I rabbits fed normal chow (oxiod) diet for 10 weeks. Group II rabbits fed with 1% cholesterol enriched diet . Group III rabbits fed with 1% cholesterol enriched diet together with Glimepiride (0.1mg/kg once daily before morning feed ). Blood samples were collected before (0 time) and every two weeks on experimental diets for measurement of serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, high sensitive C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP),IL-6 and TNF-α level. At the end of 10weeks the aorta was removed for measurement of aortic (MDA), (GSH) and aortic intimal thickness. Results: Glimepiride treatment don’t show significant effect on lipid parameters compared with induced untreated group (P > 0.05). Glimepiride significantly reduced the elevation in hsCRP, IL-6, TNF-α, aortic MDA and aortic intimal thickness compared with induced untreated group (P<0.05).Also it restore aortic GSH level (P <0.05). Conclusions: Glimepiride may reduce atherosclerosis progression in hypercholesterolemic rabbit via interfering with inflammatory and oxidative pathways without affecting lipid parameters.

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Total knee replacement is challenging issue for long time under multiple indications and different designs of prosthesis used for improving range of motions in flexion and cancellation or decreasing pain aiming to change of quality of life in better progress. Objective of our study to evaluate the introduction of TKR (fixed bearing) in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis and post traumatic cases with correlation its effectiveness for cancellation of the pain and increase range of motion with few technical highlighting this procedure for orthopedic surgeon and postgraduate student in Iraq. Two models of TKR design were used (PS&CR).Our observation demonstrate significant decrease in the pain in selected cases and significant improving in the range of he motion in flexion and extension with no significant difference in the type of the prostheses used. This study showed that TKR is encouraging and gratifying surgery for selected cases for he future in the Iraq.

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Background: Obstructive jaundice encompass a wide range of diseases, its final management depend on the cause and the level of obstruction. Objective:To Clarify the relation between Age, gender, Symptoms of patient, Total Serum Bilirubin (TSB) level and serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) level and the causes of obstructive jaundice (benign or malignant?). Patients and Methods: Retrospective study conducted in Baghdad teaching hospital covering three years period. The age, gender, symptoms of the patient, total serum bilirubin (TSB) and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were evaluated as predictive factors for the underlying obstructing pathology. Results: 206 patients with obstructive jaundice were included .The ages ranged between 18 to 80 years. 108 males and 98 females male to female ratio 1.1:1 . malignant pathologies found in 52% of patients most of them above the age of 50 year. The mean level of TSB in malignant cases was 18 mg/dl while in benign group was 9.16 mg/dl. Conclusion: Male gender , age more than 50 year , weight loss and TSB level more than 10 mg /dl are factors associated with increased risk of malignant underlying pathology of obstructive jaundice , while the presence of pain and fever is suggestive of benign cause .The level of ALP cannot be used as a predictive factor for the cause of the obstructive jaundice.

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Lead is a multi targeted toxicant causing effects in different organs of the body. The present ultrastructural study was undertaken on the hepatic tissue of male albino mice.Two groups of male albino mice, 6 animals each were used. The treated group was exposed to 0.25% lead nitrate in drinking water for 4 months,and control group, in comparison with respective control mice. Chronic exposure to subtoxic doses of lead produced ultrastructural alterations in hepatocytes involving mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and nuclei. The present study shows chronic exposure to low subtoxic doses of lead, it can induce adverse subcellular alterations in the hepatic tissues.

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Amebiosis was one of the commonest causes of diarrial illness in pediatric age group in developing countries and there where multiple drugs used in its treatment .We selecting an infected and symptomatic patients and excluding the others. Those patients treated in different manner. Also divided in different age groups. We had two groups .first group treated with usual way by mitronidazol 50mg/kg/day for 10 days adding to that diloxanide furoate 20mg/kg/day for same duration to get ride of cyst form .The second group with praziquantil which subdivided in other two groups .One with 25mg/kg /day in single dose and other with 40mg/kg/in two divided doses 6 hour apart .Those patients had been followed for the response and the side effects to the drugs. The results are comparable and statistically no significant difference between the two groups. Regarding the side effect also no significant difference between both groups. The response to treatment depending on three successive microscopically stool tests (after3 days of treatment 3days between each test and other) and on the clinical response .This manner of follow up was true for 85% only and because it was the available way now in Iraq, So we advice to repeat such search in a larger number of patients and to depend on more recent PCR method to prove response to treatment. The only significant of praziquantil use was the short duration of treatment (single dose).The most significant side effect of praziquantil use was the bad test.

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The management of maxillofacial trauma in children differs from that of adults due to concern for growth and dentition development. Although the incidence and distribution of the pediatric facial trauma is common, there were few reports about this type of trauma. The aim of this study was to analyze the patterns of facial injuries in a sample of Sulaimani City children. The study included the records of (168) child patients sustained maxillofacial injuries. The data analyzed according to sex, age group, type of injury, site of injury, cause of injury and associated injuries. The results showed the male patients (57.7%) affected more than females while the most age group affected by trauma was (1-5) years. Soft tissues involved in (77.9 %) of the injured children and the chin was the most affected area (26.7%). Fall on the ground was the most cause of trauma (26.19%) followed by fall from height (25%). The dentoalveolar injuries were the most concomitant trauma (14.88%). This study provides a clinical data about the pediatric maxillofacial trauma for medical education and health care programs.

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Background: Chronic hypertrophic rhinitis is an important cause of nasal obstruction & in many times cannot be relieved by medical treatment, & in this case, surgery is considered as the best option. Objective: To study the prevalence of early complications (the first two years) following partial inferior turbinectomy. Methods: 64 patients were clinically diagnosed with chronic hypertrophic rhinitis consulting us in Diwaniyah teaching hospital & my private clinic during the period between April 2006 & July 2008. All the cases of chronic hypertrophic rhinitis regardless of the cause submitted for partial inferior turbinectomy. Results: Out of total of 64 patients who underwent inferior partial turbinectomy; only one patient (1.56%) experienced postoperative hemorrhage, 31(48%) patients experienced crusting & dryness of the nose that improved with time, 3 patients (4.68%) had noticed a postnasal discharge & only 6 patients (9%) experienced synechiae in the first two weeks. No cases of atrophic rhinitis or foul nasal discharge had been detected. Conclusions: Partial removal of the inferior turbinate is an accepted surgical procedure for the relief of chronic nasal obstruction in case of failure of conservative treatment & using the appropriate technique can make it safer.

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Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of P53 protein and PCNA and their correlation with different papillary grades of urothelial tumors according to WHO/ISUP classification. Methods: Thirty five cases of urothelial tumors and their corresponding paraffin blocks from 2009-2010 were submitted in this study in the Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kufa University. Ten biopsies of benign urothelium (cystitis) were considered as control group. ABC method was used to determine the expression of p53 and PCNA in these cases, Two hundred cells were counted and the percentage of cells positive for p53 and PCNA (labeling index [LI]) was counted. Immunohistochemical positivity was defined as strong, homogenous nuclear staining. Statistically Chi square, Fisher exact probability and correlation co-efficient tests were used by the help of SPSS version 10. Results: P53 expression was detected in 20 cases of TCC with mean LI of 27.4%, while PCNA were detected in 24 samples out of 35 with mean LI of 48.2% with significant levels of expression between malignant and benign urothelium (P<0.05). Regarding p53 expression, none of the benign lesions show positive results, while it was observed in 1 of 5 for papilloma with mean labeling index LI of 2% and 5 of 12 for LMP with LI 14.3%. In contrast, p53 was a feature of papillary carcinoma it expressed in 8 of 11low- grade and 6 of 7 high grade papillary urothelial carcinoma with mean LIs of 36.8% and 53.4% respectively. PCNA positivity was as follow: benign urothelium (mean LI 3.5%), papilloma( mean LI 25%), LMP tumors (mean LI31.6%), low grade papillary carcinoma(mean LI 63.3%), and high grade papillary carcinoma(mean LI 69%). PCNA expression separate benign urothelium and papilloma from tumors of LMP, low and high grade papillary carcinoma. Conclusion: An increased in proliferative index as demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining for PCNA is most often seen in papillary carcinoma and tumors of LMP. While p53 positivity is mainly a feature of low grade and high grade papillary carcinoma.

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The present study was designed to asses the efficacy of topical minoxidil solution in promoting hair growth in mouse model . This study aimed at finding the more efficacious drug for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia since the available regimens have many limitations. Alopecia or Hair loss is the absence or thinness of the hair . Androgenetic alopecia is commonly referred as male pattern hair loss or female pattern hair loss in genetically susceptible men and women . 45 albino-Webster male mice were included in this study , they were divided randomly into two groups, each one included 15 mice . One day before starting the experiment the dorsal skin of each mouse was shaved by an electric shaver , then stained by using commercial dye and then the animals were photographed . group No. 1 was considered as control group . It included mice which did not get any treatment . Group No. 2 received topical minoxidil solution 5% . At the end of treatment ( 21 day), the animals were photographed to asses the degree of hair growth , it was carried out by means of special computer program called Photoshop-visual basic-8 program , this program found the ratio of area showing hair regrowth to the ratio of area denuded of hair . Histological sections were obtained from each mouse to asses the effect of drugs on the number and diameter of hair follicles. The results of this study showed that significant hair growth ( P-Value <0.05) occurred with topical minoxidil solution as compared to the control group , insignificant increase in the number of hair follicles as compared to the control group, significant increase in diameter of hair follicles as compared to the control group . From the results of this study , we concluded that topical minoxidil solution can promote hair growth efficiently and can increase the diameter of hair follicles . Also in the present study the concentration of the following hormones were measured after 21 day treatment with topical cyproterone acetate . These hormones are ( 17β-Estradiol , Free Testosterone and Progesterone ). The results showed that there was no significant difference in concentration of these hormones among control and treatment groups after 21 day treatment, they are all within the normal range

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This study was designated to investigate the changes of some biochemical parameters in children affected with beta thalassemia major in Babylon. Fifty transfusion dependent patients beta thalassemia major (25 males and 25 females) included in present study. The mean of their ages was 9 ± 5 years ,those patients undergo periodical blood transfusion and desferroxamine as a chelating agent. Twenty six healthy controls (13 males and 13 females) of matched age and gender were also included in this study. Beta thalassemia major patients showed a significant increase (p<0.01) in values of serum iron (in both males and females) incomparsion with control. While the values of total iron binding capacity recorded a significant decrease (p<0.01) compared with control. As well as values of serum calcium pointed out a significant decrease (p<0.05) in patients with beta thalassemia, whereas the results of serum phosphorus showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in both males and females with beta thalassemia major as compared with healthy subjects. The results of this study may be attributed to toxic roles of iron over load on organs such as liver, kidney, heart, glands and bones.

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Atherosclerosis is a disease of large and medium-sized muscular arteries and is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and the build up of lipids, cholesterol, calcium, and cellular debris within the intima of the vessel wall. This buildup results in plaque formation, vascular remodeling, acute and chronic luminal obstruction, abnormalities of blood flow, and diminished oxygen supply to target organ. Candesartan exert a potent anti inflammatory activity. Objectives: The objective of present study was to assess the effect of candesartan on atherosclerosis via interfering with inflammatory and oxidative pathways. Method: 24 local domestic rabbits were assigned to 3 groups: Group I (n = 8), control; Group II (n = 8), Rabbit fed 1% cholesterol-diet (induced untreated group); Group III (n = 8), 1% cholesterol-diet +candesartan (0.5mg/kg/daily orally). Blood samples were collected at (0 time), after 6 and after 12 weeks on experimental diets for measurement of serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C and serum high sensitive C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP), serum IL-6 and serum TNF-a. At the end of 12 weeks the aorta was removed for histopathology and histomorphometry to assess the atherosclerotic change according to American Heart Association classification of atherosclerosis phases and for aortic intema-media thickness also for aortic malondialdehyde (MDA)and reduced glutathione (GSH). Results:Compared with the control, levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, atherogenic index, hsCRP ,IL-6 ,TNF-a and aortic MDA were increased and aortic GSH and serum HDL-C were decreased in the animals with a high-fat diet (P < 0.01). Histologically all induced-untreated rabbit showed significant atherosclerosis lesions (P < 0.05). Candesartan treated groups showed significant effects on lipid parameters in comparing with induced untreated group (P < 0.05).Candesartan counteract the change in hsCRP, IL-6, TNF-a and MDA in compare with induced untreated group (P < 0.01). Candesartan prevent decrease tissue GSH level (P < 0.01) Morphologic analysis revealed that candesartan markedly reduced (P < 0.05) the severity of atherosclerotic lesion in the aorta compared with rabbits on a high-fat diet alone and decreases aortic intima-media thickness in histomorphometric measurements. Conclusion: The results of the present study reveal that Candesartan prevented atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbit via inhibition of inflammatory and oxidative pathways and reduced level of lipid parameters and decreased aortic intima-media thickness.

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Background : Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease including unstable angina is a major cause of high morbidity and mortality all over the world .Among patients with unstable angina there are different clinical presentation and resting electrocardiogram pattern at presentations ,analysis of these provide a useful means to stratify a present risk and subsequent out come . Objectives : the objectives of this study were to study the angiographic findings of patients with unstable angina in relation to Braunwald's clinical classification and resting electrocardiogram pattern . Setting: Ibn-Albaitar hospital and Marjan teaching hospital. Method: Across-sectional study done,one hundred thirty patients with clinical presentation of unstable angina were classified according to Braunwald's clinical classification and resting electrocardiogram pattern and the results correlated with that of angiographic findings. Results: Triple vessel disease occurred in 44 patients (33.84%). Class I and class A showed higher proportion of single vessel disease (57.69% ,46.87% ) respectively. class II and class B showed higher proportion with triple vessel disease (44.87% , 42.37%) respectively. class III and class C showed higher proportion with double vessel disease (38.46%, 41.02% ) respectively. Patients with normal Electrocardiogram showed higher proportion with single vessel disease SVD (38.509%). Patients with electrocardiogram changes (ST-T segment changes and Q wave) showed higher proportion with triple vessel disease (40.27%). Conclusion: Patients with unstable angina have high incidence of triple vessel disease, mostly in patients who have primary unstable angina (class B) or have unstable angina that occurs at rest (class II). Single vessel disease occurs more in patients who have new or accelerated exertional angina (class I) and secondary unstable angina (class A). Single vessel disease mostly occurs in patients who have normal electrocardiogram patients with unstable angina who have more extensive disease usually have S.T.T changes.

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Background and objective microalbuminuria is known to be harbinger of serious complications in diabetes mellitus. since medical intervention early in onset of microalbuminuria can de critical in reducing these adverse outcomes. it is widely agreed that diabetic patients should be screened for microalbuminuria. the study aim is to evaluate micral tests strips in conjunction with a urine specific gravity determination as a rapid and accurate method in detecting microalbuminuria in diabetic patients. Patients and methods 40 diabetic patients from diabetic center of Al Sader Hospital in Najaf city were included in this study From March 2009 to August 2009. All with disease duration ≥ 5 years. Urinary albumin concentration/24 hours, urinary creatinine concentration/ 24 hours was done and the ratio of them was compared to ratio of urinary albumin Concentration done by Micral tests/ urinary specific gravity. Results the relation between the acr which sensitive and specific in detecting microalbuminuria and the simple method that correlates the urinary albumin to urinary specific gravity is strong association.

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Bladder cancer is one of the most prevalent types of cancer , it comprises a broad spectrum of histological heterogenous tumor types arising predominantly in the epithelium ( urothelium )lining of the urinary bladder and the ureters .cystoscopy is essential for resction and provides valuable material for pathological observation and research purposes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the histopathological results of endoscopic biopsy taken by (TURT) from patients with bladder tumor by comparison with the histopathological results of cystectomy specimen . It is concluded that surgical option in treatment of invasive bladder cancer in surgically fit patients must be solidified because histopathology may under grade the tumor , or it may fail to reveal squamous differentiation and tumor heterogenicity .

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The study was done in Najaf Government from 1.9.2007 to1.4.2008. The aim of the study was to isolate the Leishmania parasite and to determine the recovery time by using two different Medias: Schneider drosophilae and AMP 1640 with fetal calf serum, the result showed that the former medium has short recovery time than the latter medium and more rapid in isolation of the parasite.

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The nature of relationship between vertebral endplate signal changes (VESC) with lumbar intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is still relatively controversial. Aim of study is to evaluate VESC in lumbar spine and correlate their characteristics with IVD degeneration. MRI examinations of 60 patients (38 males, 22 females) with a total of 300 IVD were studied retrospectively. IVD degeneration was graded according to system modified by Pfirrmann et al. VESC were assessed regarding type, extent and depth and then correlated with grades of degeneration at affected levels. VESC were most frequent near lumbar IVD that had advanced degeneration (43.5% in grade IV and 39.1% in grade V) with statistically significant association (P value < 0.05). Higher grades of IVD degeneration showed significant association (P value <0.05) with type II, sever extent, and grade I-II depth of VESC. As conclusion, VESC seem to be positively related to the lumbar IVD degeneration with more severe characteristics of VESC, particularly extent, are linked to more advanced degeneration, however further clarifying studies are still recommended.

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Acute Otitis Media is extremely common in children – in fact, 75% of children have at least one episode by one year of age. Theoretically, in order to quantify the health effects of breastfeeding all beneficial effects and harmful effects of each substance in human milk should be compared with all beneficial and harmful effects of formula feeding. However, studies on the health effects for each compound in human milk and in formula are not available. So a cross sectional analytical epidemiological study extended from the 1st week of October 2009 till the last week of February 2010. The finding of the researchers was as follow: The most common characters of occurrence of acute otitis media was more among children of age less than 1 year, urban, male, of unemployed mother, educated mother and bottle feeding. While chronic Otitis Media is mainly among 1- yrs, urban, male, non employed. Educational status of the mother and mixed and bottle feeding has the same percentages. The independent variable which affect the occurance of Otitis Media is type of feeding {breast feeding is protective}. From the point of view of keeping ears healthy and avoiding otitis media and other infections, breast-feeding is best for infants. Just as clearly, if parents cannot breast feed, it is critical to use feeding bottles that are designed to prevent nipple collapse and air bubble formation.

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Background:-Gallstones are among the most common gastrointestinal illness requiring hospitalization and frequently occur in young, otherwise healthy people with a prevalence of 11% to 36% in autopsy reports. )1,2( Previous studies showed that hypothyroidism is associated with delayed biliary flow in human study.(10) and in animal study. (11) While hyperthyroidism is associated with enhances biliary flow in animal study. (11) Hypothyroidism is the most common secondary cause of hypercholesterolemia, patient with hypothyroidism have serum level of cholesterol approximately 50% higher than level in euthyroid patient, and 90% of all hypothyroid patient have elevated cholesterol level.(12) this will influence the bile solubility. (13) The aims of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of gall stone and common bile duct stone in patient with thyroid disorder and-to evaluate the effects of thyroid function on the biliary stone formation. Patients and method:-This is a prospective study was done in AL-SADER Teaching hospital in AL-NAJAF city in the period between 1st of February 2010 and 1st April 2011. A random sample of population aged 10 ---70 years was included in the study. At first 300 patients were included in the study, but finally only 118 patients were followed properly by at least 2 visits to our hospital surgical unit. Every patient sends for thyroid function test (T3, T4, and TSH.) in the laboratory of our hospital for at least two times, 3 months apart. So our results depend on recording persistent thyroid function status. At the same time patients send for ultrasound of the neck and abdomen especially for gall stone and common bile duct stone also for at least two times to be sure about the presence or absence of the biliary stone. Result:-The study show that 200 patients (84.75%) where female and 36 patients (15.25%) where male .Our study thyroid function test shows that 134 patients (56.78%) euthyroid, 38 patients (16.1%) hypothyroid while 64 patients (27.12%) hyperthyroid. The study also showed that thyroid disorder occurs in female more than male whatever the thyroid status. The ultrasound of the abdomen of our patients showed that only 31 patients (13.14%) have biliary stone, all of them are female patients, while 205 patient (86.86%) did not showed biliary stone .The study show that only 14 patients (10.45%) of those with euthyroid have biliary stone and 15 patients (39.47%) with hypothyroidism have biliary stone while only 2 patients (3.125%) with hyperthyroidism have biliary stone . Conclusion:-1-The prevalence of biliary stone disease is more common in hypothyroid patients compared to euthyroid patients while the prevalence of biliary stone in hyperthyroidism, even in high risk group for cholelithiasis (female gender,fair, fertile, forty or fifty years old , and others) is very low 2- The prevalence of biliary stone disease increase with the decreasing level of thyroid hormone.

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