The Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics (IJAP) is a peer reviewed journal of high quality devoted to the publication of original research papers from applied physics and their broad range of applications. IJAP publishes quality original research papers, comprehensive review articles, survey articles, book reviews, dissertation abstracts in physics and its applications in the broadest sense. It is intended that the journal may act as an interdisciplinary forum for Physics and its applications. Innovative applications and material that brings together diverse areas of Physics are particularly welcome. Review articles in selected areas are published from time to time. It aims to disseminate knowledge; provide a learned reference in the field; and establish channels of communication between academic and research experts, policy makers and executives in industry, commerce and investment institutions. IJAP is a quarterly specialized periodical dedicated to publishing original papers, letters and reviews in: Applied & Nonlinear Optics, Applied Mechanics & Thermodynamics, Digital & Optical Communications, Electronic Materials & Devices, Laser Physics & Applications, Plasma Physics & Applications, Quantum Physics & Spectroscopy, Semiconductors & Optoelectronics, Solid State Physics & Applications, Alternative and Renewable Energy, and Environmental Science & Technology.