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Background A gel filtration technique has been used for the isolation and purification of soluble testosterone receptors from benign and malignant prostatic tumors. Two types of testosterone receptors from benign and malignant prostatic tumors were eluted from the sephadex G-200 column. This work was carried out to characterize and quantify human nuclear androgen receptors from benign and malignant prostatic tumors. Methods The study involved twenty five patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and thirteen patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCA) attending Al-Kadhimiya teaching hospital from the period of November 2005 till july 2006. Results The purification folds of two benign separated receptors (BI & BII) were 11.588 and 19.582 fold respectively whereas for the two malignant separated receptors (MI & MII) were 24.280 and 29.111 fold respectively.The choice of most appropriate conditions of the binding of 125I-testosterone with its receptors were also carried out.The concentrations of binding sites and the equilibrium dissociation constants for the binding between 125I-testosterone and its purified receptors have been determined using Scatchrad analysis and the specificity of the binding has been examined. The concentrations of two benign separated receptors (BI & BII) were 0.931 and 1.140 pmole/mg protein respectively whereas separated malignant receptors (MI & MII) have 1.056 and 2.163 pmole/mg protein respectively at 37ºC. Conclusions Gel filtration technique and Scatchard analysis confirmed the presence of two types of testosterone receptors in each tumor type. The first eluted receptor (I) has a relatively higher molecular weight with a lower affinity constant for testosterone binding than the other(II).

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ABSTRACT:OBJECTIVE:To study the human benign and malignant prostatic testosterone receptors spectroscopically in the UV region.MATERIALS AND METHODS:In this study, spectroscopic characterization in the UV region was carried out on purified testosterone receptors by determining the polarity and pH effects on receptor UV spectra. Spectrophotometric pH titration and the observation of the thermal stability of testosterone receptors were also included in the present study.RESULTS:The UV spectra of purified testosterone receptors separated from benign prostatic tumors. BI receptor has two peaks at 196nm and 256.4nm, BII purified receptor gives one peak at 195.5nm, MI purified receptor gives one peak at 194nm and MII purified receptor gives one peak at 193.1nm.CONCLUSION:This study provides useful information about the spectroscopic characterization of testosterone receptors isolated from two types of human prostatic tumors.

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ABSTRACT:BACKGROUND:Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse. Some cases of male infertility are due to a specific cause whereas others are due to less obvious etiologies and results in less drastic changes in semen parameters. Arylsulfatase A, arylsulfatase B and alkaline proteinase have not been studied adequately in relation to male infertility.OBJECTIVES:To study the association between seminal plasma arylsulfatase A, arylsulfatase B and alkaline proteinase enzyme activities and semen parameters in different Iraqi male infertile patients.PATIENTS AND METHODS:Sixty patients with male infertility were included in this study. The male patients were categorized according to their seminal fluid parameters to oligospermia (n=32), azoospermia (n=22) and asthenospermia (n=6). All results obtained were compared with age – matched healthy controls group consisting of 39 subjects. The experiments were carried out in the laboratories of the physiological chemistry department at the college of Medicine / Al – Nahrain University during the period from November 2004 to July 2006.RESULTS:arylsulfatase A and arylsulfatase B were significantly decreased in all infertility groups. Seminal plasma arylsulfatase A decreased 73.55% in oligospermia group, 75.14% in azoospermia group and 73.87% in asthenospermia group in relation to the normal fertile group. Seminal plasma arylsulfatase B decreased 72.78% in oligospermic patients, 22.34% in azoospermic patients and 44.82% in asthenospermic patients compared with the normal fertile group. On the contrary, seminal plasma alkaline proteinase increased 1.55, 1.86 and 2.11 fold in oligospermic, azoospermic and asthenospermic groups respectively from normal group.CONCLUSION:It is possible to use seminal plasma arylsulfatase A, arylsulfatase B and alkaline proteinase as fertility markers in the different male infertility types.

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Background: A gel filtration technique has been used for the isolation and purification of soluble testosterone receptors from benign and malignant prostatic tumors. Two types of testosterone receptors from benign and malignant prostatic tumors were eluted from the sephadex G-200 column. This work was carried out to characterize and quantify human nuclear androgen receptors from benign and malignant prostatic tumors.Methods: The study involved twenty five patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and thirteen patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma (PCA) attending Al-Kadhimiya teaching hospital from the period of November 2005 till july 2006.Results: The purification folds of two benign separated receptors (BI & BII) were 11.588 and 19.582 fold respectively whereas for the two malignant separated receptors (MI & MII) were 24.280 and 29.111 fold respectively.The choice of most appropriate conditions of the binding of 125I-testosterone with its receptors were also carried out.The concentrations of binding sites and the equilibrium dissociation constants for the binding between 125I-testosterone and its purified receptors have been determined using Scatchrad analysis and the specificity of the binding has been examined. The concentrations of two benign separated receptors (BI & BII) were 0.931 and 1.140 pmole/mg protein respectively whereas separated malignant receptors (MI & MII) have 1.056 and 2.163 pmole/mg protein respectively at 37ºC.Conclusions: Gel filtration technique and Scatchard analysis confirmed the presence of two types of testosterone receptors in each tumor type. The first eluted receptor (I) has a relatively higher molecular weight with a lower affinity constant for testosterone binding than the other(II).

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Objective: The study was designed to investigate the predictive value of CA-125, progesterone, estradiol and β-hCG in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy (EP) and inevitable miscarriage. Methods: Forty women with EP, 17 with intrauterine (IU) abortive gestation and 24 regular pregnant women (controls) were studied. : Serum levels of CA-125, progesterone, estradiol and ß-HCG were measured by Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) techniques in 40 symptomatic women with ectopic pregnancy, 17 with intrauterine (IU) abortive gestation and 24 regular pregnant women (controls) during gestational age between (4-12) weeks at Al-Kadhmiya Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, between November 2010 and June 2011. Results: Women with EP had significantly lower CA-125, progesterone, estradiol and ß-HCG concentrations, compared to both women with IU abortive pregnancy and controls. When using CA-125 concentration of 25.5 U/ml as a threshold for the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, sensitivity was 75.7%, specificity 100%, the positive predictive value was 100% and the negative predictive value 71.4%. When using a progesterone concentration of 5 ng/ml as a cut-point for the diagnosis of EP, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 86.8%, 100%, 100%, 80%, respectively. Conclusion: These results by using ROC curves. The measurement of CA-125 and progesterone levels is useful in discriminating ectopic and intrauterine abortive from normal gestations.

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Background:Accurate and sensitive detection of bladder cancer is important to diagnose this deadly disease at an early stage, estimate prognosis, prediction the response to treatment and for monitoring the recurrence. In past few years, laboratory diagnosis and surveillance of urinary bladder cancer have improved significantly. Although, urine cytology remains the gold standard test, many new urinary biochemical markers have been identified.Objectives:To evaluate the value of fibronectin in serum and urine to detect bladder cancer in different grades and stages.Methods:Thirty five patients diagnosed as bladder cancer with mean age 61.94±11.66 years and thirty five aged-matched healthy volunteers as control group were included in this study. Serum and urinary fibronectin were measured by ELISA technique.Results:The mean±SEM serum and urine levels of fibronectin in patients with bladder cancer (33.11±1.90 µg/ml; 33.08±1.12 ng/ml respectively) were significantly higher than the levels in control group (8.57±1.10 µg/ml; 7.58±1.00 ng/ml, respectively). When using a serum fibronectin concentration of 25.65 µg/ml as a cutoff value for the diagnosis of bladder cancer, sensitivity was 71.4%, specificity 100%, the positive predictive value was 100% and the negative predictive value 77.78%, and the sensitivity and specificity of urine fibronectin were (94.3%, 97.1% respectively); when using a urine fibronectin concentration of 20.00 ng/ml as a cutoff value for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. The positive predictive value was 97.05%, and the negative predictive value was 94.44%.Conclusion:The measurement of fibronectin level in serum and urine is useful in discriminating bladder cancer patients from normal subjects.Key words:Serum and urinary Fibronectin, Bladder cancer.

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Tuberculosis (TB) still remains an important medical problem due to high levels of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A series of innate immune mechanisms that create a cytokine network control the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and this response has the capacity to modify the host genomic DNA structure through epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation which could constantly alter the local gene expression pattern that can modulate the metabolism of the tissues and the immune-response. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine regulator of the innate immune response to TB. This study aims to determine DNA methylation patterns of INF-γ gene promoter and measure serum IFN- γ level in newly diagnosed TB patients, relapse TB patients, and healthy control, in order to study the possibility of using these as a biomarker for the prognosis of TB stages in patients. The current case-control study included 66 patients with TB and 33 healthy control subjects. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood(PB) of included subjects and modified using sodium bisulfate specific kit. DNA methylation patterns of IFN-γ gene promoter was determine by using methylation specific polymerase chain reaction(MS-PCR).Serum IFN-γ level was determined using enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay(ELISA). Results showed that percentages of DNA methylation patterns in normal controls, newly diagnostic TB patients and relapse TB patients were (63.3%, 18.2% and 21.2% respectively). Also, higher significant differences (P≤0.0001) of un-methylated IFN-γ gene promoter patterns in newly diagnostic TB patients than relapse TB patients comparison with healthy controls. The percentage of un-methylated DNA patterns in healthy controls, newly diagnostic TB patients and relapse TB patients were (9.9%, 39.4% and 51.5%, respectively). The mean of serum IFN-γ levels (pg/ml) for normal controls, newly diagnostic TB patients and relapse TB patients were (59.3± 13.8,75.8±24.3 and 69.6±18.7,respectively).In conclusion, there is a relative association between methylation of IFN-γ gene promoter and predisposing to TB progression.

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Background:The glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) comprise a class of enzymes that detoxify carcinogenic compounds by conjugating glutathione to facilitate their removal. Polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferase Omega 1,2 (GSTO1, GSTO2), and GSTP1 genes have been related to risk for bladder cancer.Objective:To assess a comprehensive picture of the relationship between smoking and GSTO2 gene Asn142Asp variant (rs156697) with bladder cancerMethods:A case control study was conducted at Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine and DNA Research and Training Center, Al-Nahrain University from February 2014 to September 2014. Forty one bladder cancer patients and 41 age matched apparently healthy controls were participated in this study. Genotyping of the GSTO2 Asn142Asp polymorphism was evaluated using a polymerase chain reaction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated as a measure of the combined effect of cigarette smoking and the GSTO2 Asn142Asp polymorphism on bladder cancer risk.Result:It was found that subject with the GSTO2 Asp/Asp genotype have significantly increased bladder cancer risk (OR 4.92; 95% CI =1.32 - 18.30). A statistically highly significant increased the bladder cancer risk was also found in ever smoker of the GSTO2 (Asn/Asn) (OR =11.8; 95% CI=2.43 - 57.84) and (Asn/Asp +Asp/Asp) (OR =12.8; 95% CI=3.23 - 51.41) compared with never smoker Ala/Ala genotype.Conclusion:The study suggests that smokers having GSTO2 Asn/142Asp polymorphism could play an important role as risk factor for the development with bladder cancer.Keywords:Bladder cancer, single nucleotide polymorphism, glutathione S-transferase, GSTO2, Asn142Asp, smoking, rs156697.

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