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Direct FIA methods for estimation of Naringenin (NG) in different samples were proposed. These methods are based on diazotization coupling reactions of two reagents: method (A) p-chloroaniline (PCA) and method (B) procaine hydrochloride (PRH) with NG in basic medium. Yellow dyes with maximum absorption at 416 and 415 nm were formed respectively. Calibration curves were constructed over different NG concentrations, linearity was from 1- 70 and 1- 40 µgmL-1 with detection limits of 0.55 and 0.24 µgmL-1 for (A) and (B) respectively. All analytical variables involved in the FIA procedure were evaluated and optimized. The established methods were successfully applied for the determination of NG in its supplements and urine samples.

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A spectrophotometric- reverse flow injection analysis (rFIA) method has been proposed for the determination of Nitrazepam (NIT) in pure and pharmaceutical preparations. The method is based upon the coupling reaction of NIT with a new reagent O-Coumaric acid (OCA) in the presence of sodium periodate in an aqueous solution. The blue color product was measured at 632 nm. The variation (chemical and physical parameters) related with reverse flow system were estimated. The linearity was over the range 15 - 450 µg/mL of NIT with detection limits and limit of quantification of 3.425 and 11.417 µg mL-1 NIT,respectively. The sample throughput of 28 samples per hour was achieved. Suggested method was successfully applied for the determination of NIT in its dosage forms.

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New, simple and sensitive batch and reverse FIA spectrophotometric methods for the determination of doxycycline hyclate in pure form and in pharmaceutical preparations were proposed. These methods based on oxidative coupling reaction between doxycycline hyclate and 3-methylbenzothiazolinone-2-hydrazone hydrochloride (MBTH) in the presence ammonium ceric sulfate in acidic medium, to form green water-soluble dye that is stable and has a maximum absorbance at 626 nm. A calibration graph shows that a Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range of 1-80 and 0.5-110 μg.mL-1 of DCH for the batch and rFIA respectively with detection limit of 0.325 μg.mL-1 of DCH for r-FIA methods. All different chemicals and physical experimental parameters affecting the development and stability of the colored product were carefully studied. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of DCH in pharmaceutical preparations.

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New, simple and sensitive batch and nFIA spectrophotometric methods for the determination of Vancomycin Hydrochloride in pure form and in pharmaceutical preparations were proposed, These method's were based on diazotization and coupling reaction between Vancomycin Hydrochloride and diazotized O-nitroaniline in alkaline medium to form Orange water-soluble dye that is stable and has a maximum absorbance at 465nm. Acalibration graph shows that aBeer's law is obeyed over the concentration range of 0.8-60 and 5-400 μg.mL-1 of Vancomycin Hydrochloride with detection limit's of 0.16 and 1.666 μg.mL-1 of Vancomycin Hydrochloride for batch and nFIA methods, respectively. The FIA procedure sample throughput was 80 h-1. All different chemicals and physical experimental parameters affecting on the development and stability of the colored product were carefully studied, and the proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of Vancomycin Hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations.

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A new simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method is described for quantification of Nifedipine (NIF) and their pharmaceutical formulation. The selective method was performed by the reduction of NIF nitro group to yield primary amino group using zinc powder with hydrochloric acid. The produced aromatic amine was submitted to oxidative coupling reaction with pyrocatechol and ammonium ceric nitrate to form orange color product measured spectrophotometrically with maximum absorption at 467nm. The product was determined through flow injection analysis (FIA) system and all the chemical and physical parameters were optimized. The concentration range from 5.0 to 140.0 μg.mL-1 was obeyed Beer’s law with a limit of detection and quantitation 1.48 and 4.96 μg.mL-1 respectively. Agoodprecision,low scattering point of the calibration graph and good accuracyin addition, FIA introduced a good linear range with acceptable sensitivity. High correlation coefficient (0.9996) was found. The proposed method was successfully applied to assay NIF and its pharmaceutical dosage also could be utilized for pharmaceutical routine analysis of the drug.

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Simple, cheap, sensitive, and accurate kinetic- spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of naringenin in pure and supplements formulations. The method is based on the formation of Prussian blue. The product dye exhibits a maximum absorbance at 707 nm. The calibration graph of naringenin was linear over the range 0.3 to 10 µg ml-1 for the fixed time method (at 15 min) with a correlation coefficient (r) and percentage linearity (r2%) were of 0.9995 and 99.90 %, respectively, while the limit of detection LOD was 0.041 µg ml-1. The method was successfully applied for the determination of naringenin in supplements with satisfactory results.

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A new flow injection spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of copper ion Cu(II) in water samples (tap water and river water).The proposed method based on the formation of red complex [Cu(L)2(NO3)2] which has a maximum absorption at λmax=490 nm. Linear range for Cu (II) was from 5-70µg/mL with detection limit 2.55µg/mL. The effect of physical and chemical parameters were evaluated .The proposed method was applied successfully for determination of copper (II) in the tap and river water. [Cu(L)2(NO3)2] complex was prepared in a (2:1) mole ratio as ( reagent: copper (II)).The analytical reagent formed by reaction of thymol with 4-aminoantipyrine at room temperature. The metal complex was characterized by IR, UV-Visible spectra. The metal percentage, electrical conductivity and magnetic properties of the formed complex confirmed that this chromogenic reagent was coordinated with copper (II) metal ion through oxygen and nitrogen atoms of the phenol and amine group as a bidentate ligand with octahedral geometry.

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Abstract New, simple and sensitive batch and Flow-injection spectrophotometric methods for the determination of Methyldopa in pure form and in pharmaceutical preparations were proposed. These methods were based on diazotization and coupling reaction between methyldopa and diazotized metochlopramide in alkaline medium to form an intense orange-red water-soluble dye that is stable and has a maximum absorption at 470nm. A graphs of absorbance versus concentration show that Beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range of 1-14 and 5-130 µg.mL-1 of Methyldopa, with detection limits of 0.15 and 3.213 µg.mL-1 of Methyldopa for batch and FIA methods, respectively. The FIA procedure sample throughput was 70h-1. All different chemical and physical experimental parameters affecting on the development and stability of the colored product were carefully studied and the proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of Methyldopa in pharmaceutical preparations.

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Abstract Two simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of chloramphenicol (CAP) in pure form and in pharmaceutical preparations. The proposed methods are based on a coupling reaction between reduced chloramphenicol (by zinc powder and concentrated hydrochloric acid) with chromatropic acid or phenol in the presence of ammonium hydroxide to form an intense red violet or yellow color, water-soluble dyes that are stable and have a maximum absorption at 515 nm using chromatropic acid and 432 nm on using phenol. The calibration graphs were linear over the concentration ranges of 0.52 -12 µg mL-1 and 0.4- 18µg mL-1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1334 µg mL-1 and 0.0873 µg mL-1 for chromatropic acid and phenol, respectively. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of CAP in ointment and eye drops.

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