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ABSTRACT:BACKGROUND:Obesity in humans causes hypertension, myocardial hypertrophy and coronary atherosclerosis, and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality that is thought to be related to sympathetic overactivity. Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that acts in the hypothalamus to regulate appetite, energy expenditure and sympathetic nervous system outflow. One of the major mechanisms leading to the development of obesity-induced hypertension appears to be leptin-mediated sympatho-activation.OBJECTIVE:This study is done to evaluate the contribution of leptin in the development of obesity related hypertension in post menopausal women.SUBJECTS AND METHODS:A total number of 64 subjects (post menopausal women) included in the study were divided into obese hypertensive group (n= 38 )and non obese non hypertensive group (n=26) , age(57+4.5year) and (56+2.7year) respectively(mean+SD).Obese hypertensive group defined as (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 and blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg with or without history of taking anti hypertensive medications)and Non-obese non hypertensive group defined as (BMI < 30 kg/m2- blood pressure < 140/90 mmHg).In the present study leptin had been measured.RESULTS:Leptin level is higher in obese hypertensive group than in non obese non hypertensive group and it was 29.2+4 and 15.2+2.1(mean+SD) respectively and this difference is statistically significant with p value < 0.001.CONCLUSION :leptin may play a role in the development of obesity- related hypertension and may be an independent predictor of hypertension

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Summary: Background: several new inflammatory markers have emerged as strong predictors of cardiovascular disease in healthy and non-healthy subjects, one of these markers is hs-CRP, which has been proposed as independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and it is positively associated with body weight. Little is known, however, about the utility of hs-CRP and other biomarkers in obese hypertensive Iraqi post menopausal women.The aim of study is to examine the hypothesis that there is a relation between obesity, hypertension and a chronic low-grade inflammatory status (represented by high hs-CRP).Patients and Methods: A total number of 99 postmenopausal women classified into obese hypertensive group (case) and non obese non hypertensive group(control). For these groups, measurement of zinc, calcium, phosphorus, lipid profile, High sensitivity C–Reactive Protein, body mass index and waist circumference were done.Results: The (Mean ± SD) of hs-CRP in the cases and controls were (5.74 ± 2.1) mg/land (2.1 ± 0.8) mg/l respectively, (P < 0.001).Calcium, phosphorus, zinc and triglycerides showed no statistical significance between the groups (Pvalue >0,05) while body mass index , waist circumference ,HDL ,LDL ,and total were statistically significant (Pvalue <0,05). Conclusion: There is an elevated serum level of hs-CRP in hypertensive and obese subjects in comparison with low levels in control group (non obese non hypertensive) which suggest a role of hs-CRP in developing hypertension and obesity.Keywords: high sensitivity C-Reactive protein, hypertension, obesity, postmenopause.

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The study aimed to identify the training needs of the staff working in the agricultural Silos pills Salahuddin, Diyala and its relationship with some factors as well as to identify the differences in training needs among agricultural employees working cereal Silos in Salahuddin and Diyala Research community included all employees of agricultural workers in grain Silos in the province of Salahuddin and Diyala . totaling ( 87 ) respondents Prepared a questionnaire for the purpose of data collection consisted of two parts ensure asylum first questions concerning the measurement of some of the factors independent while ensuring the second part included (64) paragraphs test to measure the level of knowledge respondents were identified fields and paragraphs through informed researcher on literature and instructions for field staff working in silos and interviews with specialists in the Department of field Crops and Plant Protection Tikrit University and staff at the Granaries and others in the quality control department has been identified three areas. The reliability and validity was measured by Alph-Cronbach methods where valued at (0.76). Data were collected and statistically analyzed through used of some statistical methods.The results showed that the level of training needs for employees agricultural was average. The researcher recommended that the preparation of training programs and to provide staff with guidance agricultural services necessary to perform their work efficiently. taking into consideration the factors that showed a linkage coefficient in the preparation of training programs.

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