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Background: Cytokines are the messengers of the immune system.They are mostly secreted by macrophages and lymphocytes and their production is induced in response to injury or infections.Objective: Biopsy speciemens from the middle body of the stomach were obtained from 18 patients with gastric carcinoma, 32 patients with atrophic gastritis, 50 patients with chronic gastritis and 20 healthy subjects and IL-8 and IL-1B levels were detrmined.Methods: Sandwich-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to determine the IL-8 and IL-1B levels.Results: IL-8 and IL-1B levels were significantly higher in gastric carcinoma patients than patients with atrophic gastritis and both significantly higher than healthy subjects. Conclusions: IL-8 and IL-1B levels were recommended to be used in differentiation between gastric carcinoma and atrophic gastritis.

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AbstractBackground: Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is a central mediator in inflammation and cancer. Expression of the Cox-2 gene is up-regulated in the gastric mucosa during H. pylori infection.Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has a potent angiogenic activity and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) promotes angiogenesis by modulated production of angiogenic factors including VEGF.Aim: investigate the distribution and intensity of COX-2 and VEGF expression in premalignant and malignant gastric lesions with H. pylori.Material and Methods: Gastric biopsies from patients with chronic active gastritis and gastric adenocarcinoma, and control group were studied. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to examine the expression of COX-2 and VEGF in 81 cases of patients, including 30 cases with chronic gastritis infected with H. pylori, 51 cases of gastric cancer, 42 cases from GC have H. pylori and 30 cases with normal mucosa and none infected with H. pylori as control group.Results: In H. pylori-infected patients, COX-2 expression was predominantly found in the epithelium and, to a lesser extent, in the lamina propria. In the non infected group, few cases demonstrated weak COX-2 expression. Intensity of COX-2 was significantly different between the chronic active gastritis, gastric adenocarcinoma groups and control group. The positive rate of COX-2 was increased from chronic gastritis (60%), to gastric cancer (88.09%) in patients with H. pylori, compared with negative ones (22.58%). COX-2 was expressed in 23 of 24 intestinal types and in 14 of 18 diffuse types' carcinomas. The negative VEGF carcinomas have turned positive for COX-2 only for 76.92% of the cases. Different from those, the positive VEGF carcinomas have associated COX-2 immunoreactivity in 93.10% of the cases. Conclusions: These results suggest that COX-2 may play an important role in carcinogenesis by stimulating tumor angiogenesis. Also, show a relation between the expressions of COX-2 and VEGF in gastric carcinomas and the value significantly higher in the positive COX-2 carcinomas, suggesting an intense angiogenesis activity in that group of tumors.Keywords: Gastric cancer, Cox-2, H. pylori, tumor angiogenesis, VEGF

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Infection of the gastric mucosa with Helicobacter pylori is strongly associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Helicobacter pylori virulence factors include a variety of proteins that are involved in its pathogenesis, such as VacA and CagA. Another group of virulence factors is clearly important for colonization of H.pylori in the gastric mucosa. These include urease, motility factors (flagellin), and Superoxide dismutase (SOD). Because of this organism's microaerophilic nature and the increased levels of reactive oxygen in the infected host, we expect that other factors involved in the response to oxidative stress are likely to be required for virulence. Superoxide dismutase is a nearly ubiquitous enzyme among organisms that are exposed to toxic environments. In this study, we measured the SOD in serum of 80 patients complain from chronic gastritis and infected with H.pylori. 37 patients infected with H.pylori have the CagA gene, and 13 patients are not and also measured the SOD in 30 control groups that not infected with H.pylori. Serum level of SOD was significantly (p<0.05) higher in patients with chronic gastritis compared to controls. Also significantly higher (p<0.001) in patients with chronic gastritis infected with H.pylori positive CagA than patients infected with H.pylori negative CagA.

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Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women world. Multiple Cytokines appear to have a dominant role in human breast cancer formation. Estimation of the in situ expression of IL-6 and IL-1&#946; in breast cancer patients. A sixty patients with breast cancer BC were divided into two clinical subgroups, (30) with malignant breast cancer MBC and (30) with benign breast tumor as a control group according to histological examination. In situ hybridization technique used for detection of IL-6 and IL-1&#946; mRNA sequence in two groups. The results showed that percentages of mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-1&#946; were in (&#8805; 11-50%) for malignant breast cancer. This research also investigated that (73.3%) of benign breast tumor were expression less than (<10%) for IL-6 and IL-1 &#946; mRNA. The ISH expression of the mean percentages of IL-6 and IL-1 &#946; were higher levels in malignant breast cancer patients ( 48.13 and 56.07 ,respectively) than benign tumor (2.73 and 1.40 ,respectively), with highly significantly differences (P<0.01) of ISH expression for IL-6 and IL-1 &#946; mRNA among two studied groups., the expression of IL-6 and IL-1 &#946; mRNA are significantly elevated in the tissue of breast cancer patients compared with benign tumor and was found a significant correlation between the expression of IL- 6 and IL-1&#946; mRNA in the tissue of breast cancer patients, thus the results of the present study might be explain the pathological role of these two cytokine in breast cancer.

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Background: Cluster of differentiation number 44 (CD 44) is a family of cell-surface adhesion molecules which exist in several isoforms arising from mRNA alternative and encoded by using gene located at chromosome 11 on the short arm p13. The CD44 gene is composed of 10 constitutively spliced exons and 10 variable exons, residing between constitutive exons 5 and 6.In colorectal carcinoma, the relationship between the expression of variant exons and tumor progression is controversial. Some studies have suggested that the expression of certain variant exons resulted in increased tumor progression, while other has no correlation. Objectives: Investigate CD44 immunoreactivity in colorectal carcinoma and determine the association with clinicopathological features. Material and methods: Paraffin- embedded tumor specimens from (70) patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma and (70) healthy control were assessed by immunohistochemisrty for the expression of CD44. Result: Statistical analysis of CD44 expression revealed highly significant difference in colorectal carcinoma patients than in control group. Also there were a relationship between CD44 expression and range of clinicopathological features. Conclusion: CD44 is robust marker for colorectal carcinoma.

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Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder in patients has historically a favorable prognosis. Bcl-2 and p53genes are implicated in cell cycle regulation with roles on programmed cell death. Presence of nuclear accumulationof p53 and cytoplasmic accumulation of bcl-2 were proposed to confer a growth advantage to tumor cells. In this study,we investigated the roles of p53 and bcl-2 as prognostic factors in TCC of bladder.Method: Investigated 25 patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and 27 patients with cystitis (control group) forthe expression of Bcl-2 and P53 by immunohistochemical staining with specific monoclonal antibodies.Results: Bcl-2 was significantly expressed in TCC compared to those with cystitis (control). Moreover, P53 was significantlyexpressed in TCC compared to those with cystitis (control). A significant positive correlation between these twoparameters in Tcc.Conclusions: These observations detect that increased the expression of Bcl-2 and P53 in TCC play a potential role inthe development of bladder cancer.

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Human pregnancy appears to be an immunological paradox, in that the fetus represents a semi-allograft developing in the potentially hostile environment of the maternal immune system. One important mechanism involves the down-regulation of the cellular immune response, which has been shown to be dependent upon the suppression of T-helper (Th)1 and T-cytotoxic (Tc)1 cells,which produce interleukin -2, interferon -γ, and tumor necrosis factor -β, and the up- regulation of Th2 and Tc2 cells, which produce IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13The aim of this study to investigate the possible immunological basis of recurrent abortion by studying the expression of IL-6, IL-10, IFN- γ in trophoblasts by using in situ hybridization (ISH) technique. Methods: using IL-6, IL-10 and IFN as biomarkers of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Paraffin embedded blocks from trophoblasts tissue of each patient for determination available cytokines. Results: IL-6 increased in recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and IL-10 was higher in control group than in recurrent spontaneous abortion while RSA showed a high percentage of IFN-γ in comparison with control. The expression of IFN-γ decreases whereas IL-6 and IL-10 increase with increasing gestational age. Conclusions: IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 may be biomarkers of Th1/Th2 immune status during pregnancy. Defective IL-10 expression in women with RSA and non-RSA might be the possible defect in Th2 cytokines production in these patients.

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Background: Bcl-2 plays a major role in the process of apoptosis and their dysfunction underlies carcinogenesis.Objectives: The study objective was to assess the expression of Bcl-2 in gastric cancer cells in correlation with clinic-pathological parameters and to determine the effect of H. Pylori infection on the expressions of Bcl2 in gastric adenocarcinoma.Methods: Using immune-histochemical analysis and in situ hybridization technique were used to measure Bcl-2 protein and CagA H. pylori gene expressions respectively and its relation to clinic-pathological parameters were observed.Results: The results revealed that a significant differentiation between Bcl-2 expression on the patients with gastric cancer and control group. Also we found thatBcl-2 expression significantly higher in intestinal type in comparison to that diffuse type (p<0.001). But no significant association between positive Bcl-2 expression and the presence of CagA-H. pylori in patients with gastric carcinoma (p>0.05).Conclusion: Bcl-2 expression in gastric cancer patients was suggested of its association with gastric carcinoma especially intestinal type. Thus, detection of Bcl-2 markers might be a useful early diagnostic in gastric cancer. H pylori enhance Bcl-2 protein levels which cause deregulation of these apoptosis-associated genes that may play a role in the development of gastric adenocarcinoma

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This study was carried out to establish the correlation between expression of Transforming growth factor beta receptor one (TGF-βRI) and Transforming growth factor beta receptor two (TGF-βRII) and prostate cancer progression, and to establish the role of prostate cancer development. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique was used to detect the level of expression of TGF-βRI and TGF-βRII protein in tissues of patients and healthy control groups. TGF-βR1 protein was expressed in 3 (18.7%) and 14 (56%) of poorly and moderately differentiated malignancy respectively. There was significant difference in mean level of TGF-βRI protein expression among all studied groups. TGF-βRII protein was expressed in 6 (37.5%) and 22 (88%) of poorly and moderately differentiated malignancy respectively, There was significant difference in mean level of TGF-βRII protein expression among all studied groups. We concluded that there was statistically significant association between the loss of expression of TGF-β1 signaling receptors, especially TGF-βRI, and increasing grades of malignancy in prostate cancer, leading to a more malignant phenotype.

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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been recognized as the causative agent of chronic gastric inflammation, which can progress further to a variety of diseases such as peptic ulcer and adenocarcinoma. The major bacterial virulence markers of H. pylori, the cytotoxin-associated gene (CagA), may play a role in determining the clinical outcome of Helicobacter infections. Aim of this study to investigate the presence of H.pylori DNA within gastric epithelial cells in patients with H.pylori infection and to determine the prevalence of CagA among patients with cancerous and precancerous lesion. Methods: A total of 92 gastric biopsy samples, 25 H.pylori negative and 67 H.pylori positive patients. H.pylori DNA in gastric epithelial cells and CagA gene of H. pylori was assessed by using the in situ hybridization test. Results: In H. pylori positive group, the positive rates of H.pylori DNA in the gastric epithelial cells were progressively increased in chronic superficial gastritis, precancerous changes and gastric cancer groups(P>0.01); The detection of CagA positive H. pylori was significantly higher in patients with gastric cancer compared to those with chronic superficial gastritis and atrophic gastritis(P<0.01). Conclusion: The pathological progression from chronic superficial gastritis, precancerous changes to gastric cancer is associated with higher positive rates of H.pylori DNA presence in the gastric epithelial cells, and there was a significant increase in CagA-positive H.pylori among patients with gastric cancer.

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