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High levels of sister chromtid exchanges (SCE) in patients with breast caner reflects a genomic instability that may be operative in carcinogenesis.The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in peripheral blood lymphocytes was analyzed in patients with breast cancer in relation to clinical stage in 12 stage II and 5 Stage IV untreated breast cancer patients.Moreover,SCE baseline values in patients were compared with a control group of 12 healthy women. A significant difference emerged between patients and control (P<0.01).SCE increased significantly in stage IV breast cancer patients compared with those patients of stage II (P<0.05).The results reveal that SCE frequency increases with the progression of clinical stage of breast cancer.

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Chromosomal abnormality in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia( ALL) has an important role in diagnosis ,management and prognosis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) analysis using BAC probes was performed to detect a novel translocation in childhood ALL. The BAC probe RP11-111312 revealed a triple translocation involving chromosome 9,22 and 3.This BAC probe showed signals on normal chromosome 22 and derivative chromosome 3. RP11-465M18 showing only one signal on normal chromosome 9. This study confirms the triple translocation comprising chromosome 9,22,3 as a novel chromosomal abnormality in childhood ALL.

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صممت هذه الدراسة ﻹختبار المعلمة الوراثية الخلوية تبادل الكروماتيدي الشقيق ((SCE في مرضى داء السكري النوع الثاني ﻹرتباطها الوثيق بالطفرات الوراثية.اٌنجزت في الدراسة الحالية اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼت اﻟﻮراﺛﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺪم اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻲ للمرضى المصابين بداء السكري النوع الثاني بإستعمال مزروع الخلايا القصيرة الامد واُﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ مدة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻀﺮر الذي يحدث على مستوى الجينات والذي ﻗﺪ ﻳحصل داﺧﻞ وخارج اﻟﺠﺴﻢ الحي.أظهرت النتائج ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌﻨﻮي ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮددات اﻟﺘﺒﺎدل اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻴﺪي اﻟﺸﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺿﻰ داء السكري النوع الثاني 2.25±0.08] ﺗﺒﺎدل كروﻣﺎﺗﻴﺪي شقيق / ﺧﻠﻴﺔ[ مقارنة بعينة السيطرة 1.28±0.04]تبادل كروماتيدي شقيق/ خلية (P<0.01)[. استنتجنا ان مرضى داء السكري يمتلكون درجة عالية من الضرر الوراثي نتيجة وجود التردد العالي من تبادل الكروماتيدي الشقيقي ,كما استنتجنا انه لا توجد فروق معنوية في مرضى داء السكري ذات العلاقة مع الخصائص الديموغرافية (العمر و الجنس).

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Dermatophytes are a group of morphologically and physiologically related molds some of which cause well defined infections: dermatophytoses (tineas or ringworm). The present study aims at identification of dermatophytes species and varieties from patients in Wasit province-Iraq using molecular approach based PCR fingerprint.The short oligonucleotide (GACA)4 is a microsatellite primer was used in this study for identification of dermatophyte isolates. The results identified different species and varieties among dermatophytes. The numbers of resulting PCR bands ranged from 1 to 4 (size range, 600bp to 1600bp) for each species. The resulting patterns were distinct for Trichophyton and Microsporum species and varieties. Trichophyton soudanense and Trichophyton verrucosum revealed distinguishable profiles with four largest bands (800bp to 1900bp) among Trichophyton species. (GACA)4 is able to amplify all species of Microsporum producing intraspecies variation which is observed with Microsporum canis (rough strain) and Microsporum canis (smooth strain), all of which had different band pattern. We conclude that (GACA)4-based PCR has utility as a rapid method for identification of dermatophytes species as well as its utility for differentiation of Trichophyton and Microspmoru species and varieties.

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