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In this study , Iraqi Bentonite clay was used as a filler for polyvinyl chloride polymer. Bentonite clay was prepared as a powder for some certain particle size ,followed by calcinations process at (300,700,900) OC ,then milled and sieved. The selected sizes were D ~75 µm and D ~150. After that polyvinyl Al-Cohool solution prepared and used as a coated layer covered the Bentonite powder before applied as a filler ,followed by drying , milling and sieving for limited recommend sizes. polyvinyl chloride solutions were prepared and adding of modified Bentonite power at certain quantities were followed .Sheet of these variables on the mechanical and thermal properties of the prepared reinforced particular polyvinyl chloride composite Experimentally, it was found that the composite prepared by adding modified Iraqi Bentonite powder , that calcined at 700 oC as a filler have an advantage in heating insulator properties by 30 from that found for PVC as it is ,and the value of stress strength exceed by three times as that for original value.

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AbstractSurface active materials have many applications in medicine. Attapulgite clay used in medicine as antidiarrheal, and as additives in some pharmaceutical formulations. Metronidazole drug is widely used as antiprotozoal drug in the treatment of amoebic dysentery and amoebic liver abscess. Drug overdose may treated by adsorbents especially by activated charcoal suspension to prevent further absorption, but usually it is unacceptable to drink. Hence, in this work a study was carried out to estimate the ability of attapulgite clay as adsorbent for metronidazole overdose in vitro as a possible alternative for activated charcoal. The change in the concentration of metronidazole after incubation of known concentration of aqueous metronidazole solutions with attapulgite was measured as the adsorbed quantity. UV-Visible spectrophotometry technique was used to follow the quantity of the adsorbed drug. The adsorption also occurred in 0.1N HCl solution to simulate the acidity of the stomach. The adsorption experiments were repeated at (12, 25, 37.5, and 50ºC) to measure the thermodynamical parameters (ΔHº, ΔGº, ΔSº). Adsorption of metronidazole on attapulgite obeyed Freundlich adsorption isotherm of S2 type according to Giles classification of adsorption isotherm in solution. The maximum quantity adsorbed tends to be slightly increased in acidic medium (0.1N HCl) especially at low concentration of the drug. The thermodynamic parameters values were (ΔHº=-19.86 KJ.mol-1, ΔGº=-17.994 KJ.mol-1, and ΔSº=6.25 J.mol-1ºK-1).Metronidazole drug can be adsorbed by attapulgite clay surface at low concentration of the drug and the quantity of the adsorbed drug increased with increasing the initial concentration of the drug. The adsorption quantities were decreased with increasing temperature indicating an exothermic adsorption process which also reinforced by the values of thermodynamic parameters. Acidity has a slight effect on adsorption.

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In the present research Thirty raw water samples were collected from kharazi wadi for further treatment , Those samples represent a mixture of (municipal ,irrigation and storm) sewage discharged directly to Tigris river north Mosul city .The Jar test technique was conducted to measure the variation of the main important characteristics of irrigation water . The treatment was carried out using bentonite clay as a coagulant compared with the treatment by sedimentation only. The results showed that the bentonite clay was more effective in removing :BOD, EC, TSS, Coliform bacteria and phytoplanktonic algae and max% removal recorded were (%51.43,%14.54) (%1.43,%0.95) (%72.22,%68.52) (%70.45,%47.20) (%53.33,%14.70) respectively ,The result indicated also that the reclamation of Kharazi Wady sewage was according to WHO standard for irrigation pwposes.

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In many industries especially oil companies in Iraq consumed large quantities of water which will produce oil-contaminated water which can cause major pollution in agricultural lands and rivers. The aim of the present work is to enhance the efficiency of dispersed air flotation technique by using highly effective and cost-efficient coagulant to treating gas oil emulsion. The experimental work was carried out using bubble column made of Perspex glass (5cm I.D, 120cm height). A liquid was at depth of 60cm. Different dosage of sawdust +bentonite at ratio 2:1 (0.5+ 0.25; 1+ 0.5 and 2+1) gm and alum at concentration (10,20and30mg/l) at different pH ( 4 and 7) were used to determine optimum dosages of coagulant. Jar test experiment has showed that optimum dosage of (sawdust +bentonite) was (1+0.5gm) and alum concentration was 30 mg/l at pH=4. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of various parameters pH (3, 4,7and 9); air flow rate (300, 500, 1000, and 1500 cc/min); initial oil concentration (300 up to 1000 ppm); concentration of Sodium dodecylsulphat surfactants ,SDS (25, 75and 150mg/l); and the effect of the addition coagulant (sawdust + bentonite at ratio 2:1) and alum (30mg/l) in the removal efficiency of oil from wastewater by coagulation –flotation process. The study has showed that the removal efficiency of COD, oil content and turbidity were related to the initial oil concentration; additive concentration of SDS and dosage of coagulants. It was found that the flotation rate increases when using coagulants, the fastest removal rate was obtained when pH 4 and also the higher removal efficiency achieved was for flotation (87%) and (95.7%) sawdust +bentonite; (97%) for alum in coagulation – flotation process.Key words: Oily wastewater; Sawdust+ bentonite; Alum; Coagulation -Flotation

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Abstract This study aimed to treat the wastewater of Khansaa Hospital in Mosul city by using mud of ( Bentonite , Ninavite & Kaoline ) the experiments were conducted by using the Jar-Test as laboratory scale .The efficiency had been calculated by the following characteristics :-( Chemical Oxygen Demand ( COD ) , Biochemical Oxygen Demand ( BOD5 ) , Oil and grease , Chloride , Sulphate ,Turbidity ,Total Hardness , Calcium , magnesium , Phosphate , Nitrate, Electrical conductivity ( Ec ) & ( pH ) ) . Bentonite showed the best removal efficiency , followed by Ninavite and Kaoline respectively . The removal efficiency was shown at the optimum doses for Bentonite then Ninavite and Kaoline at doses ( 40 , 50 & 60 ) mg/l respectively .Removal of COD give (62%,58%,51%) and (55%,50%,45%) for BOD5 at optimum doses , while oil and grease removal efficiency was (56%,51%&44%).Phosphate removal was (48%,42% & 39%) and efficiency of sulphate removal (46%,41.6% & 38) , while chloride removal efficiency (22%,20% & 17.2%). Key Words: Bentonite Clay, Ninavite Clay, Kaoline Clay, Coagulation,Hospital Wastewater Treatment.

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Metronidazole drug (Flagyl) is widely used in as antiprotozoal drug in bowel parasitic diseases. Bentonite in medicine used as antidiarrheal, suspending agent, and as additives. Drug overdose may treated by adsorbents especially by activated charcoal suspension to prevent further absorption, but usually it is unacceptable to drink. Hence, an attempt was made in this work to estimate the ability of bentonite as adsorbent for metronidazole overdose in vitro as a possible alternative for activated charcoal. UV-Visible spectrophotometry technique was used to follow the quantity adsorbed after incubation of bentonite with a known concentration of metronidazole solutions. The adsorption experiments were repeated at (12, 25, 37.5, and 50ºC) to measure the thermodynamical parameters (ΔHº, ΔGº, ΔSº) of the adsorption process. The results showed that, there are small amounts of metronidazole ready to adsorb on bentonite. The thermodynamic parameters values were (ΔHº=18.68 KJ.mol-1, ΔGº=-10.03 KJ.mol-1, ΔSº=96.33 J.mol-1.ºK-1). The amount of the adsorbed drug was increased as the pH of the drug solution decreased.It can be concluded that the adsorption of metronidazole on bentonite is endothermic process with low thermodynamic parameters values. The adsorption enhanced by increasing temperature and by increasing acidity of the medium.

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The main goal of this study is to use bentonite clay as a coagulant and coagulant aid in removing different water turbidities levels in order to improve drinking water quality at economical costs. The study showed that this material as coagulant has been proven to be efficient especially at low turbidity levels (i.e. not more than 25 ntu) with a dose of not more than 25 mg/l. As a coagulant aid with alum bentonite has shown to very effective with dose as much as 15 mg/l for low and intermediate initial turbidity level (not more than 100 ntu) and with a dose not more than 30 mg/l for high initial turbidity level 500 ntu, this efficiency is be better for low initial turbidity level and with low alum dose.

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This studies deals with investigated the potential of a Iraqi bentonite clay for the adsorption of bromo phenol red dye from contaminated water. Impulse adsorption experiments were performed. The contact time influence of initial dye concentration, temperature, pH, ionic strength, partical size adsorbent and adsorbent dosage on bromo phenol red adsorption are investigated in a series of batch adsorption experiments. Adsorption equilibrium data were analyzed and described by the Freundlich, Langmuir and temkin isotherms equations. Thermodynamic parameters inclusive the Gibbs free energy (∆G•), enthalpy (∆H•), and entropy (∆S•), were also calculated. These parameters specified that adsorption of bromo phenol red onto bentonite was functional, more spontaneous and endothermic with increase of temperatures from 298.15 to 313.15 K.

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