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Ninety cases of clinically diagnosed enterotoxemia infection in lambs at AL-Hamdaniya region where studied for isolation of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial causes, faecal samples were collected from all suspected cases during January- June 2008, the results show that 41.6% of the isolates were Cl. perfringens as pure single isolates, while mixed infection of Cl. perfringens with each of Enterococci and staphylococcus in percentage of 26.04%, 20.83% respectively, also mixed infection of Cl. septicum with each of Staphylococcus and E.coli were isolated at the percentage of 5.2%, 6.25% respectively. Highest bacterial isolation was from the faecal samples collected during April. McIntosh jar method show isolation of pure culture of anaerobic bacteria (Cl. perfringens), while Candle jar method show detection of 56 isolates in mixed cultures of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.

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Abstract:Background: Microorganisms that directly interact with the intestinal mucosa are obscured by fecal flora. Some members of the endogenous faecal microflora have a clear detrimental role in most animal models of colitis and enteritis. This is strongly suspected to be the cause of indeterminate colitis.Objective: Determination of humoral immune response and luminal microorganisms in patients with indeterminate colitis.Patients & Methods: The study consisted of two groups: 75 patients groups with indeterminate colitis and control group consisted of 30 healthy volunteers. Sigmoidoscope and colonoscope examination were done for the patients group and biopsy were also taken from ulcer lesion for histopathological examination for confirming the diagnosis. Blood samples were collected from them and serum were collected for immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM and IgA) levels and complement (C3 and C4) level by single radial immune diffusion method (Biomaghrib-Tunis). Fecal and rectal swabs were taken from those groups, cultured on different bacteriological media. Results: Males more than females are affected. The majority of them were complaining from rectal bleeding. Most of their diseased location was in rectum then sigmoid and ascending colon. Bacteriological results showed a significant decrease in the existence of Bacteroids fragilis (anaerobic bacteria) in patients group compared with control. Studying humoral immune response demonstrated a significant higher level in IgG, IgA, C3 and C4 in patients group and significant decrease in IgM level.Conclusions: Reduction in anaerobic bacteria might be a cause in initiation colitis with stimulation of immunoglobulins production and complement activation to overcome this inflammation.Key wards: colitis, Immunoglobulins, anaerobic bacteria.

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ABSTRACT
Objective: To identify common bacterial causes in chronic osteomyelitis, to verify the role of anaerobic microorganisms in chronic osteomyelitis, and to assess the reliability of swab from discharging sinuses, and from abscess aspirate in chronic osteomyelitis.
Material and Methods: The study included 184 patients suffering from chronic osteomyelitis, 141 males and 43 females, ranging in age between 4-78 years with mean 40.5 years. The patients presented with chronic discharging sinus in 152 patients or acute flare up in 32 patients; they were divided according to causes into two broad categories haematogenous in 52 patients and exogenous in 132 patients. Specimens were taken from infected bone debridement during surgery, other specimens taken from sinus discharge or aspirated from bone abscesses. All specimens were inoculated on different culture media and incubated both aerobically and anaerobically.
Results: The majority of cases of chronic osteomyelitis involved long bones specially the femur and tibia (64.6%). Aerobic microorganisms were found in 134 patients (73%), staph. aureus and pseudomonas were the commonest aerobic isolates. In fifty cases (27%), the causative microorganisms were anaerobic. Anaerobes were found to be mixed with aerobes in 34 cases (68%), while pure anaerobes were obtained in 16 cases (32%). Peptostreptococcus and Bacteroides were the dominant anaerobic isolates. The reliability of culture of abscesses aspirate in comparison with bone debridement culture is 93.3%. The reliability of culture of sinus discharge in comparison with bone debridement culture is 42.7%, while for anaerobic infection is 26%.
Conclusion: Chronic osteomyelitis commonly affect adult males in long bones. The exogenous causes were the commonest. Aerobic isolates were the major cause, and anaerobic bacteria were an important other causative agents. Anaerobes usually isolated in prolonged persistent infection and pure anaerobes in older patients. The cultures of aspirate from bone abscesses were reliable way in diagnosis, while cultures from discharging sinuses had low diagnostic reliability and lower for anaerobic infection.
Keywords: Osteomyelitis, chronic, aerobic, anaerobic, microorganisms.

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Background: The elimination of the microorganisms from the root canal systems, an important step for the successfulroot canal treatment. This study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial effectiveness of the photoactivateddisinfection by using the toluidine blue O and a low- energy light emitting diode (LED) lamp .Materials and method: Sixty single rooted extracted teeth were decoronated, instrumented, irrigated, sealed at theapex and contaminated with endodontic anaerobic bacteria for 7 days to form biofilms in prepared root canals.Group I. Twelve teeth were medicated by photosensitizer (toluidine blue O) solution activated by diode lamp(FotoSan; CMS Dental, Copenhagen, Denmark).Group II. Twelve teeth were medicated by the tricresol formalin.Group III. Twelve teeth were medicated by the camphorated monochlorophenol (CMCP). Group IV. Twelve teethwere medicated by calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) paste. Group V. Without the intracanal medication (controlgroup). The bacterial swabs were taken before and after medication and following the photoactivated disinfectionprocedure immediately and after 7days. The canal contents were swabbed by paper points inserted to the rootcanals, serially diluted and cultured on blood agar. Survival fractions were calculated by counting colony-formingunits.Result: Treatment of the root canals with PAD (fotosan) caused a high significant reduction of the bacterial count,resulting in a 96.39% elimination of root canal bacteria, followed by root canal treated by tricresol formalin (groupII),then CMCP (group III) and Ca(OH)2 (group IV) respectively.Conclusion: Light activated disinfection possesses potent antibacterial action against the anaerobic bacteriacultivated in root canals

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Oral flora responsible for periodontal disease is polymorphic. The periodontal infection results either from the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms in the tissues, or even the activation of already existing germs, but not pathogenic under normal conditions. The aims of this study was carried out to evaluate selected bacterial agents causing periodontitis. One hundred eighty samples were examined in the present study. Clinical measurements of periodontal parameters used included dental plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment loss. The results of periodontitis were the most common anaerobic periodontal bacteria isolated from patients were peptostreptococcus prevotii which represented 15(8.3%) isolates, while prevotella intermedia, prevotella melani, prevotella disiens, Bifidobacterium sp., Fusibacterium mortiferum peptostreptococcus tetradius, and Wolinella sp. represented only 1 (0.5%) isolates.Also another anaerobic subgingival bacteria isolated from inflamed sites in patients were fusibacterium varium ,vellionella sp., campylobacter gracilis, capnocytophaga sp. ,peptostreptococcus magnus, peptostreptococcus micros, peptostreptococcus niger,peptostreptococcus anaerobius, staphylococcus saccharolyticus, streptococcus consellatus, and gemella morbillorum. Concerning to the results of this study the researcher concludes peptostreptococcus prevotii, prevotella intermedia, prevotella melani, prevotella disiens, Bifidobacterium sp., Fusibacterium mortiferum peptostreptococcus tetradius, and Wolinella sp. fusibacterium varium ,vellionella sp., campylobacter gracilis, capnocytophaga sp. ,peptostreptococcus magnus, peptostreptococcus micros, peptostreptococcus niger,peptostreptococcus anaerobius, staphylococcus saccharolyticus, streptococcus consellatus, and gemella morbillorum were the most common anaerobic periodontal pathogens isolated from patients in the present study.

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The research aimed at identifying the differences in anaerobic ability and fatigue indicator between 400m, 800m and 1500m runners. The research hypothesized significant differences between 400m, 800m and 1500m runners in anaerobic ability and fatigue indicator. The researcher used the descriptive method. The subjects were (8) 400m runners, (8) 800m runners, and (7) 1500m runners. Many tests were conducted the data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations. The researcher concluded that the decrease in anaerobic ability level with the increase of distance and running speed was more in 400m runners with great difference between 400m, 800m and 1500 runners. The rise in fatigue indicator along with distance and was more in 1500m runners. Finally the researchers recommended training adaptation in order for development to happen, developing anaerobic abilities for all middle distance runners for better achievements, making similar studies on other age groups and finally using precise tests for identifying the level of players and specifying their weaknesses.

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Aims: : The study evaluated the prevalence of anaerobic bacteria in the subgingival plaque in periodontitis in relation to pocket depth. Materials and Methods :The study was performed on 97 sub-gingival plague sample , pockets depth were measured , anaerobic bacteria were isolated and identified in relation to pockets depth. Results: In this study high prevalence of anaerobic bacteria in the periodontal pockets of patients suffering from periodontitis compared with the gingival sulcus of healthy subjects with marked shifting from mainly Gram positive facultative anaerobic bacteria in shallow pockets to mainly Gram-negative strict anaerobic bacteria in the deep pockets.Conclusion:. Anaerobic culture used in this study provided information about the susceptibility of the individuals to develop periodontal diseases. on bone.

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Objectives: To identify causative microorganisms of nongonococcal (NGU) urethritis in men.
Methods: A descriptive comparative study included 240 male patients with urethritis and 40 age-matched males free from urethritis was carried out. The urethral swabs were inoculated on different culture media and incubated both aerobically and anaerobically.
Results: A 153 patients were considered as NGU cases. From them, 18 genera of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms were isolated. Aerobic bacterial isolates were two times the anaerobic bacterial isolates. The type of growth was heavy among patients in comparison to scanty growth among controls. The most common microorganism in each group were Staph. epidermidis, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Bacteroides species.
Conclusion: Aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms are associated with urethritis in men. The confluent growth and dramatic response after treatment by appropriate antibiotics confirm the roles of the isolated bacteria in development of NGU in men.
Key words: Urethritis, nongonococcal urethritis, aerobic & anaerobic bacteria.

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The direct effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercise high intensity at the level of blood sugar in athletes and non-athletesM. D. Hassan Ali KarimResearch Summary Became a human endeavor and cling to in order to reach the best way where he is enjoying good health, after he was seeking this has been limited to how to live as long as possible, came the outcome of his endeavor, that sport is one of the essential means to meet the goal of this, so the specialists firmly belongings and the creation of their minds to enter in the book of sports science such as medicine sports, athletic training and kinesiology, and other science users to test and measurement of scientific evidence for their actions and experiences of science used to stand always on the results of their march Kalachtbarat physical, psychological, and physiological, which has become in recent times, an important base depends upon the construction of the training curriculum , whether rehabilitative health or to prepare athletes for competition and excellence for achievement of higher as well as for ensuring the work within the security zone to maintain the safety and health of Sports, issued Search for more precise tests are physiological as (heart rate, the stage of restoration of healing, the maximum oxygen consumption "VO2MAX", anaerobic capacity, vital capacity "Vital Capacity", the level of blood sugar, "glucose" ..). The test is the level of blood sugar (glucose) of the indicators physiological task, whether in sports or in public life, and through what it represents as an indicator of the safety and dynamic work of the organs of the body and the mechanism of offenses denying metabolism Metabolic in the demolition and construction Anabolism and Catabolic. Since the human body is a repository of human capacity, and the source of movement ability, what the work performed by the student, worker and fighter, whether intellectually or physically only needs to be some kind of energy, and sports activities is the area clear in which they can focus on the forms and types of energy that puts rights and that is a collection of various performance events that require large amounts of energy to perform the required form, so ask all employees in the sporting interest in the sources of energy received by the body and of all kinds as well as the mechanism and the type of sports activity(Antenna, but an antenna) Aerobic Or Anaerobic, antenna, which needs oxygen in the process of making energy through the rebuild (ATP) triphosphate adenosine Adenosine Tri Phosphate by oxidation antenna materials Alcarbohedratih, fats and proteins, while the anaerobic Vttold the energy by fragmentation of creatine phosphate to rebuild the adenosine triphosphate without the need for oxygen. (3: 188), as well as intensity performed by the exercise and the time period that extends therein, lies the importance of research in the interest index physiology is important in human life in general and in the sports field to those who are interested in affairs of sports through the distracted energy, according to performance requirements and the type of intensity used as well as the stage of healing restore Recovery phase, and as the sugar glucose Glucose is extracted by the simple turn of food which the body can be used as the primary source of energy.

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The game of basketball is one of the group games that is characterized by strong and fast performance in games، and this did not come by chance but was the result of the evolution of the training process by the other hand having the players capabilities bodily have their efficacy from the performance and the Strength Special speed، either the importance of research lies in the pursuit of develop this capability and knowledge of their impact on performance skills to be of help for trainers in the training process.The research problem can be placed in question is whether the use of a variety of quality exercises to develop this capability according to the anaerobic threshold in some stages of training to see its influence in the development of performance defensive skills.The research aims to use the exercises according to the anaerobic threshold for the development of Strength deals quickly، and then see its influence in the development of defensive performance skills (movement player defender، defensive rebound).The imposition of the research indicates that there are significant differences between pre and post tests in the research variables.The research was conducted on the players Youth Club Alaadhamiya sports number (12) players and by (16.66%)، as was performed the following tests (Strength distinctive pace of the arms and legs، movement player defender، defensive rebound) and continued search for the period from (24/8/2013 to 26/10/2013)، as well as the appropriate statistical methods.The researchers concluded that exercise used in the search according to the anaerobic threshold has led to the development of distinctive Strength as soon as the arms and legs and then brought sophisticated skill in research variables.Researchers recommend that physical exercise should be used in anaerobic training being effective in the development of the distinctive speed and Strength، which in turn have an impact on the development of my skills (defensive player movement، defense and clouds)، and through the allocation of sufficient time in the training modules.

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