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The work presented in this paper aims to the improvement of the moderately expansive clayey soil in AL-wahda district at Mosul city, by the addition of crushed limestone obtained from the waste of Masonry Factories presented in the industrial area, of east side of Mosul City.This abandoned wast material creates serious environmental problem in the area surrounding these factories requiring an urgent solution to dispose of the huge limestone belonging to Fat`ha Formation. Different amounts of the crushed limestone by weight (passing sieve No. 40) were added 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% to the clayey soil from AL-wahda district at Mosul to reduceits expansiveness and to improve its engineering properties for many earth work construction. The results showed reduction in the plasticity of the clay and significant decrease in expansion to about 72%, which gives good results for road constructions.ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

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This paper deals with the results of an experimental study carried out on compacted clayey soil, to investigate the strength and consolidation characteristics of this soil. This soil having special case of standard compaction curve contain two values of maximum dry unit weight and two values of optimum moisture content between these point minimum dry unit weight was occurred.The results show that the maximum compressive and tensile strength lies on point near the point of second peak on standard compaction curve. Also the maximum bearing capacity and minimum settlement at the same point on standards compaction curve. Finally the preferred zone to conducted the compaction in field at this point where the dry unit weight at this point was 16.5kN/m3 while the moisture content was 18%.

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This paper deals with the interaction between cavities and adjacent axially loaded pile in clayey soil using the three dimensional finite element program (ANSYS 11.0).Three dimensional SOLID45 and SOLID65 elements were used to model the soil and the reinforced concrete pile respectively. Druger- Prager model is chosen to simulate the non-linear elastic-plastic clayey soil, concrete model is used to simulate the nonlinear behavior of concrete pile, the steel bars are assumed to be embedded in concrete section. A comparison of the behavior of load-settlement curve, shear stress on pile (τxy) and lateral soil stress on pile (σx) is made for cases of the variation in the cavity positions in the vertical direction (Z-direction) with case of no cavity. It has been found that the effect of the cavity on the shear stress along pile length (τxy) and on the lateral soil stress on pile(σx) is ignored to the depth greater than (20%) of the pile length from the ground level. Furthermore, the load-settlement curves are quite difference if compared with reference case of no cavity due to the cavity position near the face of pile.

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AbstractThis research aims to study the effect of utilization of industrial waste/lime (by-product of sugar factory) on some engineering properties of clayey soil selected from Mosul city. These characteristics are unconfined compressive strength, permeability, soil-water characteristic curve and Durability. The tests were performed at different percentages of lime (2, 4 and 6) % and industrial waste/lime (2, 4, 6 and 8) % by dry weight of soil. Results showed a decrease in the plasticity, swelling pressure and swelling potential of treated soil. The soil became non plastic at optimum lime, waste lime contents of (4, 6) % respectively. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) increased with increasing of curing time and stabilizer contents and reached a maximum value at optimum stabilizer contents. The (UCS) of soil stabilized with industrial waste lime was more than that stabilized by lime at different curing times. Durability tests (immersion and slaking) showed that the treated soil with lime was more durable than that treated with waste lime. The Permeability of treated soil was found to be more than that of natural soil. On the other hand, the permeability of soil treated with waste lime was more than that of treated by lime at different curing time and it reached a maximum values at (4, 2)% for the soil treated with waste lime and lime respectively. The soil-water characteristic curve showed that the soil ability to hold water increased with increasing lime and industrial waste contents. Keywords: clayey soil, lime, industrial waste lime, strength & durability, hydraulic properties.

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This investigation was conducted to assess the efficacy of some environmental conditions of soil specimens stabilized with optimum waste lime content 6%. These conditions are represented by cycles of (wetting-drying-freezing), (wetting-freezing-drying), (drying-wetting-freezing), (drying-freezing-wetting), (freezing-wetting-drying) and (freezing-drying-wetting). The soil specimens were subjected to these conditions, the durability of these specimens is study by knowledge the change in unconfined compressive strength, volume change and loss in weight. The results indicated that the unconfined compressive strength decreases with cycles for all conditions, but for different percentages according to the type condition. Where the condition more effect that starting freezing-drying-wetting. Also the results show that the specimens subjected to cycles of (freezing-drying-wetting) and (wetting-freezing-drying) destroyed at the end of eight cycle, but the specimens were subjected to other conditions destroyed at the end of tenth cycle. The results show that the maximum loss in weight for specimens subjected to cycles starting wetting-freezing-drying, and the maximum value of volume change for cycles starting freezing-drying-wetting. Finally these condition are regarded very severe conditions and effect on durability of soil stabilized.

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Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) method is one of the most promisingtechniques which is well suited for the applications in the fields of geohydrology,environmental science and engineering. The present work is aimed to show theefficiency of 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) and Induced Polarization (IP) inprobing the subsurface soil for site investigation and differentiating the clayey soillayers as it is a common practice to measure the IP sounding along with resistivity forcorrect interpretation of field data. The study has demonstrated the practicalapplication of 2D ERI and IP tomography along 7 lines using Wenner- Schlumbergerarray. The data analysis comprises of 2D inversions using the RES2DINV software,thus 2D electrical resistivity and IP imaging sections have been obtained. The depth ofinvestigation was 4 m, and resistivity values range from <1 to 292 ohm.m. Twoelectrical layers were recognized: the upper layer with high resistivity (7-71 ohm.m)represents the loamy soil extends to a depth around 1.3 m; and the second layer withlow resistivity (<1-9 ohm.m) represents the clayey layer. Some anomalous low andhigh electric zones are appeared reflecting the inhomogeneity in deposits. The IPvalues are ranging from -2 to 17 mV/V showing good confirmation with resistivitydata, where high chargeability are associated with low resistivity. The study revealsthat combining IP with resistivity surveys is recommended since IP is, sometimes, veryeffective in relieving ambiguity in interpretation.

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Construction of building and other civil engineering structures on weak or soft soil is highly risky because such soil is susceptible to differential settlements, poor shear strength, and high compressibility.Organic soils are difficult to deal with due to their particular characteristics such as high compressibility and poor strength and, as a consequence, criteria based on common mineral soils may not generally be applied to them. The objective of this research is to investigate and assess adding different percentages of organic matters on soil stiffness, from laboratory experimental work, and to investigate the effectiveness of animal disposals and plants pieces (leaves) ontwo soil types.Hence, in the present research, mixed organic materials have been used, and it was randomly included in to the soil at four different percentages of organic content, i.e. 5, 10, 15, and 20% by the weight of two main raw, silty soil and clayey soil. The research revealed from the laboratory tests that when organic mattersincreased the stiffness of both clayey and silty soil were reduced, and the reduction were from 16.5% to about 61% with 5 and 20% adding percentage of organic matter respectively. While the liquidity and plasticity increased from the reference soil (without organic materials) as well as the swelling index increasing for the two types of tested soils. Moreover the research indicates the percentage of organic contents played an important role in the development of the vertical displacement of the clayey and silty soil under loading.

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Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) method is one of the most promisingtechniques which is well suited to applications in the fields of geohydrology,environmental science and engineering. The present work is aimed to show the efficiency of 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) and Induced Polarization (IP) in probing the subsurface soil for site investigation and differentiating the clayey soil layers as it is a common practice to measure the IP sounding along with resistivity forcorrect interpretation of field data. The study has demonstrated the practical application of 2D ERI and IP tomography along 7 lines using Wenner- Schlumberger array. The data analysis comprises of 2D inversions using the RES2DINV software, thus 2D electrical resistivity and IP imaging sections have been obtained. The depth of investigation was 4 m, and resistivity values range from <1 to 292 ohm.m. Two electrical layers were recognized: the upper layer with high resistivity (7-71 ohm.m)represents the loamy soil extends to a depth around 1.3 m; and the second layer with low resistivity (<1-9 ohm.m) represents the clayey layer. Some anomalous low and high electric zones are appeared reflecting the inhomogeneity in deposits. The IP values are ranging from -2 to 15 mV/V showing good confirmation with resistivity data, where high chargeability are associated with low resistivity. The study reveals that combining IP with resistivity surveys is recommended since IP is, sometimes, very effective in relieving ambiguity in interpretation.

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The clayey soils have the capability to swell and shrink with the variation in moisture content. Soil stabilization is a well-known technique, which is implemented to improve the geotechnical properties of soils. The massive quantities of waste materials are resulting from modern industry methods create disposal hazards in addition to environmental problems. The steel industry has a waste that can be used with low strength and weak engineering properties soils. This study is carried out to evaluate the effect of steel slag (SS) as a by-product of the geotechnical properties of clayey soil. A series of laboratory tests were conducted on natural and stabilized soils. SS was added by 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20% to the soil. The conducted tests are consistency limits, specific gravity, hydrometer analysis, modified Proctor compaction, swelling pressure, swelling percent, unconfined compressive strength, and California Bearing Ratio (Soaked CBR). The results showed that the values of liquid limit, plasticity index, optimum moisture content, swelling pressure, and swelling percent were decreased when stabilized the soil. However, the values of maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength, and California bearing ratio were increased with the addition of steel slag with various percentages to the clayey soil samples. The steel slag was found to be successfully improving the geotechnical properties of clayey soils.

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The contamination of soil with the wastes of oil industry products that are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons increased recently due to the large development of oil industries in Iraq. This study deals with the remediation of low permeability contaminated clayey soil by using the enhanced electrokinetic technique (EK). The contaminated soil samples obtained from Thi-Qar oil refinery plant in Al-Nassyriah city, where the byproducts of refinery plant are disposed into that site. The byproduct contaminant treated as total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) to avoid dealing and complexity of treating the individual minerals and compounds consisting the contaminant. The initial concentrations of TPH were (702.7, 1168, 1235) ppm in the contaminated soil samples NA10, NA11, and NA12 respectively. The remediation technique includes a bench-scale experimental study by applying the enhanced electrokinetic test on the soil sample NA12 that contains the higher concentration of TPH in compared with other soil samples. A constant DC voltage gradient of 1.0 VDC/cm was applied for a period of 10 days. This technology was enhanced by using flushing solution of ethanol and deionized water, which was mixed in ratios of 30% and 70% respectively. The results of this study showed that the removal of TPH at the anode was about 15% and the concentration of TPH decreased at anode, which reflect the migration of TPH towards the cathode.

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