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Seven inbred lines of maize were studied in Line ×Tester analysis , using a randomized complete block design . Data were recorded on plant and ear height characters to determine the nature of combining effects and estimate the components of variance and genetic parameters . The value of specific combining ability variance was more than the general combining ability variance for the two triats ,indicating the importance of non – additive gene action . Narrow sense heritability ranged from 47.13% – 19.05% for plant and ear height respectively . Average degree of dominance was more than one for the two characters. Heterosis , measured as departure of F1 from the mean of the parents value were observed for the two characters .

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A full diallel was established in 2006 at Duhok Univ., Iraq, to study heterosis and combining ability for growth, and yield components in four varieties, Early long purple(1),Long purple(2),Black Beauty(3), and Alton kubry (4) of eggplant. The results revealed that F1's exhibited significant heterosis for all traits. The hybrid (3×1) gave the highest heterosis value for plant height and fruit weight. The hybrid (4×2) produced the greatest value for number of branches and early yield plant . Whereas, the hybrid (4×1) was earliest in date of flowering and possessed the highest heterosis in fruit diameter. The parent 2 (long purple) revealed as the best general combiner for most desirable traits . Analysis of combining ability indicated that GCA mean square was significant for all traits, whereas, SCA mean square was non-significant in number of branches ,number of leaves till 1st inflorescence, total and early yield. Specific combining ability results for each hybrid exhibited that 2x4 was characterized with a good specific combining ability for most traits .On the other hand ,there was a significant reciprocal effect's for date of flowering, no. of flowers inflorescence-1 , average fruit weight, no. of fruits plant-1 ,fruit length and diameter which was obviously recognized between the hybrid 3x1 and its reciprocal.

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Ten genotypes of pea crops (PO6-OO1FB / FL و PO6-OO2FB / FL و PO6-OO3FB / FL و PO6-OO5FB / FL و PO6-OO9FB / FL و PO6-O11FB / FL و PO6-O13FB / FL و PO6-O14FB / FL و Syrian Local large و Aguadolce) obtained from the Organization of ICARDA for dry farming were used in the study , introduced in reciprocal half crosses. Parents and hybrids were planted using the design of randomized complete sectors (RCBD) with three replicates and recorded data for traits (duration to flowering 50% and the duration of the seed / day is full and the number of branches / plant and the proportion of the contract% and plant height / cm and leaf area cm2 / plant chlorophyll / spad length Qurna / cm and the number of pods / plant and the number of seeds / pod and the rate of the weight of the seed / g seed weight / g plant holds the seed kg / hectares and biological gainings kg / hectares and harvest index% efficiency quotient / g / cm 2 and protein%). The results showed the presence of high moral differences between parents and hybrids of the first generation and all attributes except the parents against the camel for prescription rate of the weight of the seed / g did not reach statistical moral level. And that the ability to unite contrast to the special ability to unite the components of the components were lower than the one for recipes: Contract% and plant height / cm and the number of seeds / pod ratio, while the larger one for the rest of qualities. The results also showed significant effects on the ability of General Union and the direction desired in the Father (PO6-OO2FB /FL) and (PO6-O14FB /FL) to fourteen traits. Father and (PO6-O13FB /FL) a trait for eleven. The father (PO6-OO5FB /FL) It is for eleven traits. Father and (PO6-OO9FB /FL) to ten traits. Father (Syrian Local large) for a four traits. And parents (Aguadolce) and (PO6-OO1FB / FL) for the two traits. The results also showed a significant special effects of the ability to unite in the direction desired hybrid (PO6-OO1FB /FL × PO6-OO9FB/ FL) The effects of federal own ability and moral direction desirable for sixteen recipe. And Hybrid (PO6-O11FB /FL × PO6-O14FB/ FL) The effects of the ability of the private union desired direction for the twelve traits. And hybrids (PO6-OO2FB /FL × PO6-O13FB /FL) and (PO6-O13FB/ FL ×Syrian Local large) and (PO6-OO3FB/ FL × PO6-O14FB/ FL) . The effects of union ability is desired direction for eleven traits. And Hybrid (PO6-OO1FB/ FL × PO6-OO2FB /FL) and (PO6-OO3FB /FL × PO6-O14FB/ FL) The effects of federal own ability desirable direction for ten traits. And Hybrid (PO6-OO2FB/ FL × PO6-O11FB/ FL) and (PO6-OO2FB/ FL ×Aguadolce), and (PO6-OO3FB /FL × PO6-OO5FB /FL) and (PO6-OO3FB/ FL ×Aguadolce), and (PO6-OO5FB/ FL ×SyrianLocallarge) and (PO6-O11FB /FL ×Aguadolce), and (PO6-O13FB /FL ×Aguadolce), and (SyrianLocallarge ×Aguadolce)The effects the ability of the private union desired direction for eight traits.

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Five inbred lines of maize IK8, W 13 R, ZM 7, ZP, ZM 47 W were used in half diallel crosses accorded to Griffing methods 1956 fixed model study the combining ability Genotype (5 parent +10 Hybrid) in the field of college of agriculture and forests in autumn season, 2013 using R.C.B.D. Design in three replication the characters studied were: number of days to silk and tassel flowering ,plant height, ear diameter, ear length ,number of rows in ear, number of grains in ear,100-grain weight and plant grain yield. Mean squares for general and specific combining abilities were significant for all characters except for plant height which was not Significant for general combining ability. The ratio of the components for the general &specific combining abilities was less than one for all the characters. The inbred line ZP was better than others in its general combining ability effect for number of days to tassel flowering, ear diameter, ear length, number of grains in ear,100-grain weight, The cross (ZM 47 W × W 13 R) exhibited significant specific combining ability effect in desired direction for number of days to tassel and silk flowering, , ear diameter, ear length ,number of grains in ear,100-grain weight.

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Five inbred lines of maize were used in half diallel crosses to study the combining ability for the characters: height of main ear, number of leaves over the main ear, number of leaves for plant, leaf area, number of grains/ear, grain weight and plant grain yield.The parents and their F1 crosses were planted by using randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were analyzed according to Griffing analysis (1956), method-2, fixed model. Mean squares for general and specific combining abilities were significant at 1% for all characters.The ratio of the components for General and Specific combining abilities was less than one for all the characters.The inbred line ZP was better than others in its general combining ability effect for four characters height of main ear, number of leaves over the main ear, number of leaves for plant and grain weight ,The crosses (DK-17×ZM 7), (DK-17×ZM 47 W), (ZM 7×ZP) and (ZM7 × ZM47 W) exhibited significant specific combining ability effect in desired direction for the characters height of main ear, number of leaves over the main ear , number of leaves for plant , grain weight and plant grain yield (gm).

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نفذت تجربة حقلية في حقول منطقة الصوفية على الضفة اليمنى لنهر الفرات في مدينة الرمادي/ مركز محافظة الأنبار استخدمت في البحث ستة أصناف من حنطة الخبز. أدخلت في تضريبات تبادلية باتجاه واحد في الموسم الشتوي 2005 لإنتاج 15 هجينا فرديا. زرعت حبوب الإباء وتضريباتها النصف تبادلية في الموسم الشتوي 2006 وفق تصميم القطاعات الكاملة المعشاة بثلاثة مكررات. بهدف تقدير قوة الهجين وتأثيرات المقدرة العامة والخاصة على الاتحاد والفعل الجيني. أظهرت النتائج بان التضريب (إباء 95 × سالي) أعطى أعلى قوة هجين في كل من حاصل حبوب النبات وعدد السنابل/ م2 وعدد حبوب السنبلة بلغت 11.39 %, 12.34 %, 19.47 % بالتتابع. كان تباين المقدرة الاتحادية العامة والخاصة عالي المعنوية في جميع الصفات المدروسة باستثناء عدد حبوب السنبلة التي كانت فيها المقدرة الاتحادية العامة والخاصة معنوية. كان الصنف 95 IPA هو أفضل الأصناف من حيث المقدرة الاتحادية العامة لحاصل الحبوب, بينما كان أفضل التضريبات من حيث المقدرة الاتحادية الخاصة هو (إباء 95 × سالي) في حاصل حبوب النبات وعدد حبوب السنبلة وعدد السنابل/ م2. كانت النسبة بين تباين المقدرة العامة GCA)) والخاصة (SCA) على الاتحاد اقل من واحد لجميع الصفات المدروسة عدا عدد السنابل /م2 يدل ذلك على إن هناك فعلا جينيا سياديا يتحكم في وراثتها عدا عدد السنابل /م2 يتحكم في وراثتها الفعل الجيني ألمضيف. كانت قيم التباين الوراثي السيادي اكبر من قيم التباين المضيف لجميع الصفات المدروسة باستثناء عدد السنابل /م2 . انعكس ذلك على انخفاض قيم نسبة التوريث بالمفهوم الضيق وزيادة معدل درجة السيادة عن واحد لجميع الصفات المدروسة باستثناء عدد السنابل/ م2. يمكن الاستفادة من التوليفات الجديدة في إنتاج هجن فردية ذات مقدرة اتحادية خاصة لإنتاج حاصل عال, لان معظم صفاتها كانت تحت تأثير السيادة والسيادة الفائقة.

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ABSTRACTThe Program of hybridization is depended Four varieties of Melon viz , (1-Alkosey , 2-Al-Mostkabil (Syrian) , 3-Ananas and 4-Hales Best Jumbo) were used in a Complete Diallel Crosses , during growing season 2009. The experiment was carried out in the Field Dept. of Hort. & Landscape Design, College of Agric. & Forestry , Mosul University during growing season 2010 by using Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. To evaluate the performance of Full-Diallel hybrids and parents , general and specific combining abilities were evaluated for estimating their effects and reciprocal effect which are yield and its components according to (Griffing, 1956) first method and fixed model. The results indicated that general combining ability was significant for all the studied characters except no. of branches per plant and no. of seed per fruit , and that specific combining ability and reciprocal effects was significant for most studied characters. The results showed that general combining ability was higher than specific combining ability for no. of nodes pre first male flowering and fruit weight , it can be predicted for an additive gene action for this character. 1-Alkosey and 3-Ananas variety showed high general combining ability for most of the studied characters , and therefore contains the desired gene. The hybrids varied for their specific combining abilities effects , the hybrid 1×3 have a good significant specific combining ability for the most desirable characters , and this due to the wide genetic diversity between their parents.

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A trial was conducted at the farm of agriculture in Abu-ghraib, for two seasons, spring and autumn 2012. The objective was to study the gene action and combining ability of diallel crosses hybridized at two nitrogen rates (N100 and N400 kgN.ha-1). At first season, diallel cross with one direction was done among four maize inbred lines viz: Zm7, Zm607, Oh40 and Zr8 to produce six crosses for each nitrogen rate. Yield trail between crosses and their parents was conducted by RCBD with three replicates at the autumn season of 2012. Means of characters were compared and the results showed that there were significant differences among crosses in most characters studied. The cross P2 x P3N100 gave highest grain yield amount to 14.86 ton.ha-1 ,as a result of its superior in number of kernels per ear and 300 kernels weight. Also, the same cross gave highest hybrid vigor in grain yield, biological yield and harvest index amount to 117.8%, 83% and 13.3%, respectively. Contrast values N400 Vs N100 showed there were significant differences among crosses hybridized under nitrogen rates in number of ears per plant and number of kernels per ear. The P4 was superior in positive effects of gca in grain yield, biological yield, and number of kernels per ear. Therefore P3 was the best combiner in breeding for high yield hybrids. The best cross in specific combining ability (sca)was P2xP3N100 in grain yield, biological yield, 300 kernels weight and number of kernels per ear. Dominance variance was greater than additive variance in most characters studied in coincidence with average degree of dominance more than one. The highest values of heritability in broad sense were recorded in number of kernels per ear, 300 kernels weight, grain yield and biological yield. Heritability in narrow sense was high in number of kernels per ear. There were no significant differences of gca and sca in number of ear per plant and N-utilization efficiency. It will be concluded that hybridization can be performed under low nitrogen input will not decrease hybrid vigor, furthermore, it saves half of nitrogen applied, especially; there was no increasing in yield when these crosses were grown under high nitrogen input.

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Eight inbred lines of corn ABS5, ABS9, ABS27, ZP607, pio-46, H-S, pio-47 and pio-25 were used in this study and given numbers from 1 to 8 respectively.All these lines were subjected to (Line × Tester) hybrid system. ABS5, ABS9 and ABS27 were used as testers, while ZP607, pio-46, H.S, pio-47and pio-25 were used as lines. The lines and the produced hybrids were sown in Al-Dhabdiah region- Anbar governorate during the autumn and spring season of 2012. The experiment was designed as Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results were recorded on some physiological parameters, yield and its components and harvest index and then were statistically analysed in order to study the average of performance and the effect of General Combining Ability (GCA) and Special Combining (SCA) in addition to estimate some of genetic parameters in the studied characters. The results indicated that there were significant differences in the average of studied characters for parents and their hybrids. The hybrid zp607×ABS27 gave higher hybrid vigour in grain yield (78.88%) comparing with the best parents. The line ABS5 gave significant positive effect of GCA and was superior in the average of plant height,the time to female anthesis, growth rate, number of ears per plants fertility ratio, grain weight per ear and individual plant yield.Whereas, H-S was also superior and desired in GCA and most of the characters. The hybrid zp607×ABS9 had significantly positive effecte in SCA and was superior in the average of its performance of most studied characters (e.g. Grain yield), followed by H-S×ABS5 and pio-25 × ABS9 . The variance component of GCA was less than SCA and the genetic dominance variance was more important than the genetic additive variance and decrease in heritability ratio where was between (4.7-37.68%) in grain yield which leads to increase the dominance degree over one for all studied characters. As a result of this study, these hybrids have the potential to be used as a hybrid cultivars after evaluating them and comparing them with the current hybrid cultivars. The best way to improve these hybrids is the frequent reciprocal selection.

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A half diallel cross among six inbred lines (ZP-707, UN44502, OT-140,ZP-607, ZP-352 and IK8) has been adopted to study for characters (days to 50%silking, plant height, leaf area, number of rows per ear, number of grains perrow and grain yield per plant), in order to identify the nature of gene action inparents and hybrid population. The analysis of variance revealed that meansquare of general combining ability (gca) and specific combining ability (sca)was highly significant for all characters, indicated the presence of additive aswell as non additive gene effects for controlling all characters. However,relative magnitude of these variances indicated that dominance gene effectswere more prominent for all studied characters. The two parents OT140 andZP607 characterized by high-performance means and significant desirablegeneral combining ability effects for most characters. The two single hybrids(UN44502 x ZP-607) and (ZP-607 x ZP-352) showing significant sca effectsfor larger number of characters including grain yield per plant and could beutilized for developing high yielding hybrid varieties as well as for exploitinghybrid vigor. The range of narrow sense heritability was from 9.1% to 51.59%for leaf area and grain yield per plant respectively.

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