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The increased rates of urbanization have resulted in doubling the number of schools inin the city randomly, which resulted in building schools lacking the most appropriatestandards required like being fit with the convenient environmental and health conditionsor being away from natural and human dangers, because of the great abilities that thegeographic information systems gives which help in finding the most appropriatesolutions and making the best decisions, especially with regard to processing and analysisof spatial information. Thus, the current research aims at using GIS in assessing thecurrent status of school sites in all stages of primary intermediate and high school,according to a set of natural, human and social standards. As well as the employment ofGIS to document the locations of the current distribution of schools in the city to producedigital maps of sites and the pattern of distribution of schools subject to update, then itsuggests amending some of the sites according to the degree of suitability criteria inresearch. To achieve these aims, the research depends on the data available at thedirectorate of education in wassit, in addition to the field survey to identify the location ofschools accurately using GPS and updating the data available. The research finds theexistence of concentration in the distribution of schools which is concentrated in someregions, random in others or regular in others. In general, this distribution may not reflecta situation similar to the distribution among all regions in the city.

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Iraqi marshes are one of the most important biodiversity in the world. They had many problems: bad environmental conditions, as well as decreasing of the amount of water that reaches marshes after restoration, in addition to the increase in the source of pollution around the marshes as a result of villages, hospitals, factories ….etc. All these reasons cause dispersion of pollutants in the marshes. This research study the source of pollution such as ( industrial, agricultural, medical, political and waste water) in Nassiriya marshes and project them on the digital maps to generate a final map represents all the sources of pollutants in this region. The research shows the environmental and medical effects of this pollutants and comprising them with the Iraqi environmental legislations.

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This study was conducted for the purpose of study and analysis of groundwater in the Karbala Governorate. Relied on a set of data and maps that relate to groundwater, topography and geology of the region in addition to 60 wells were distributed randomly in the region, all of this data has been entered in GIS environment to performance geometric and digital processing for it and completion of the analysis and extract the results from it.After conducting all necessary analyzes has been produced digital map that shows the best places to drill wells for irrigation in the region, depend on the topography of the region, basins and streams, sodium ratio and the proportion of dissolved salts in the groundwater in addition to the depths of those waters.where , the best place to drill wells was selected in the areas which has a little slopes because it contain high proportion of groundwater in addition to the sodium ratio in these areas does not exceed 40%, and this ratio consider good for irrigation, as well as the proportion of dissolved salts which range from 2,000 to 5,000 ppm and Although the height of this proportion , but the nature of the soil in the area and depths of groundwater led to use this water for irrigation , where it was observed that the soil of the region contain a high percentage of sand, in addition to the groundwater depths greater than 5 meter and this led to lack of water and salts accumulate in the plant root zone. Also three-dimensional map has been produced for the aquifer and the depths and thickness of the aquifer groundwater in the area.

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The knowledge of the evapotranspiration (ET) of natural ecosystems and plant populations is of fundamental importance in several branches of science, research and practical uses. Calculation of total daily Evaporation related to calculate the loss of water by daily evapotranspiration from FAO Penman-Monteith equation. Twenty two climatological stations are used in this work for the period 2004-2013 in Iraq. Estimating conversion constant in order to calculate Evaporation value and comparing it with measured value from Iraqi meteorological organization and seismology. The results show high correlation coefficient. We formulated method is proposed to for calculate the amount of evaporation for missing data of climatological Iraqi stations from calculated evapotranspiration value. GIS maps reflect distribution of evaporation, evapotranspiration and Kp in Iraq.

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Some marshes of Maysan province-Iraq have been selected as a case study to determine the best location of tourist site using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. Firstly the geodatabase of the project has been prepared. It includes roads map, temperature degree map, land cover map and administrative map, after then, set of decision criteria, including the distance of the proposed site from marshes boundary, roads network, existence of the infrastructure as well as the oil area. These criteria have been programmed in the ArcGIS-spatial model to determine the best location within the region study for tourist site. The Ecological spatial database can be enhanced the tourist site location with more surveying data. This leads to more accurate results. Moreover, the social opinions of the people in the region study can be taken in the consideration in building the spatial database of the ecological aspect such as (fish, bird, etc…).

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Global warming is the scientific evidence that air temperatures the near surface of Earth are rising, and that higher temperatures threaten dangerous consequences earth such as drought, disease, floods, lost ecosystems. This aim of this research is analyzed the monthly means of daily values of air temperature in Iraq for the period of 1979 to 2010 by using GIS techniques. Data were obtained from the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The initial diagnosis showed that there is no significant increase of maximum values of the mean temperature for the four parts( northern, central, western, and southern ) of Iraq for the four seasons so we compared the area of maximum value of mean temperature which covered it and the results show there were an increase in the central and southern part of the country during summer and winter and there were no significant change in the temperature pattern for the northern and western part of the country , while the trend of change of the area of maximum value of mean temperature for spring and autumn and for the three periods were oscillating.

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One of the most demanded studies is wind turbine site assessment. It is difficult to build asimulation program because of the many variables that affect the wind speed and direction.The procedure of this research depend on two approaches, the Wind Atlas Analysis model andthe Inverse Distance Wait interpolation. These procedures give the estimated annual energyproduction for each turbine (V82) with 82m blades diameter at 70m hub heights. The outputat this location for each turbine is about (4.3 GWh). The studied area is about 20x20km2 andcould be plant at least 600 turbine and have about 2500 GWh of annual energy production.

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With the developments in digital image processing techniques, 3D models of objects are transferred to the digital form from the hardcopy form. 3D visualization was performed by using Erdas Imagine Virtual GIS module. The model was enhanced with huge additional data. Since the model covers a very huge area of Mosul city, more information was added to the model to show the location names.Also local services and road network was superimposed to the visualization. As a resultof research, a user can fly over all Mosul city, may watch the topography, towns, local services places by using this model ,also the final 3d digital map contain all necessary information for users and designers to reach to the best decision.

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A complete model of liquid-phase dispersion was used to simultaneously characterize axial and radial mixing in bubble column of 0.15 m inside diameter and plastic plate distributor with holes of 2 mm diameter. Axial and radial dispersion coefficients and mixing times were determined in tap water for superficial gas velocities in the range 0.6-5.36 cm/s. The experiments were carried out using a transient method (the tracer response method). The dispersion coefficient was obtained by adjusting the experimental profiles of tracer concentration with the predictions of the model. The measured axial dispersion coefficients (Dax,L) were generally consistent with the predictions of the well established correlations, thus validating the complete dispersion model used in the analysis. The Dax,L values ranged from 110 to 200 cm2/s. There was evidence that the existing literature data on Dax,L in bubble columns are slightly underestimated, as consistent underestimation was found to be a characteristic of the widely used dispersion model that disregards radial dispersion. The value of the radial dispersion coefficient was typically about 1 to 2% of the Dax,L value under any given condition. The mixing time data were generally consistent with the existing literature. The results of this study are compared with experimental result and upper bound theory and have shown a good agreement with a minimum discrepancy.

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The research aims to use the technical abilities for geographic information system in the field of designing and drawing maps by saving huge amount of information in a fast and organized way also to shows data and maps from the computer in high speed. In addition it makes corrections on maps in high speed and in the least cost and time. Also high accuracy in data analysis which is difficult in manual ways.Further more it enables as to analyze the geographic information and connect between them in an easy way. It takes out new information from the original information on the maps like taking out digital terrain model from the Contour Maps and to show loca information system on the computer with maximization and minimization also changing the scale easily and the ability of three dimensions showing. In this study the information were gathered from the soil reports of the NationalCenter for Construction Laboratories for different parts of Baghdad area in addition to Laboratory reports done by Consultation Bureaus. Three soil properties were studied permeability as a physical property, pH as a chemical property and bearing capacity of soil as a engineering property. These data were treated and analyzed by using geographic information system to produce contour maps, after that localanalysis was done for data to come up with digital terrain models in a three dimensional figure to manifest earth surface. By these abilities, a digital data base was made for these properties that can be generalization for all soil properties and for all parts of Iraq, which enables to do the recyclization and treatment and analysis easily in making the designing and planning of any engineering project

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