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In this study, ten pure maize strains were introduced in the hybridization program according to the factorial design mating system proposed by Comstock and Robinson (1948 and 1952) and were divided into two groups: a local adapted inbred lines and strain 839 and cv 890 used as parents, (ZM51L, ZP-301, OH, IK-58, IK-8, SH, R-153) were used as females, The seeds of the ten parents and twenty-one hybrids were swon in the field of a farmer in the Zlaya area (south of Tikrit) using a random complete block design with three replicates ( RCBD ). The hybrid vigor was studied in methods (on the basis of the first generation deviation of the average and the best parents) The number of rows in per ear, the number of grains in the row, the number of grains in per ear, the weight of 300 weight and the single plant yield.The results showed significant differences between genotypes (parents and first-generation genotypes) of all characters except the number of ears in the plant at a probability level of 1%. the hybris superior (IK-58 x local strain), (ZP-301 x 839)(IK-58 x 839), (ZM51L x C.V890) and (OH x CV 890) were based on the deviation of the average first generation from the average parents And the best parents of all characters studied.

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Five inbred lines of maize: ZP-707, ZP-670, ZM 7, ZP and ZM-47W.were used in a half diallel crosses program, the genotypes (5 inbred lines + 10 hybrids) were planted in the fields of the College of Agriculture and Forestry / university of Mosul in the autumn season 2013 by using randomized complete block design with three replications The characters studied were number of days to silk and tassel flowering ,plant height , height of main ear(cm), number of leaves over the main ear, number of leaves for plant ,leaf area(cm2),ear diameter(cm),ear length (cm), number of rows/ear, number of grain/ear,100-grain weight and plant grain yield (gm). The results showed additive variance differed from zero to the plant height, the height of the main ear, leaf area(cm), number of grain/ear, 100-grain weight, and plant grain yield (gm). The dominance variance differed from zero for all studied traits. (ZM7 × ZP-707) which gave heterosis (based on deviation of hybrids from mid parents and from best parents) for the character of number of days for tassel flowering, Plant height, number of leaves for plant, leaf area(cm2), number of grain/ear, weight of 100 grains (g) and plant grain yield (gm). The degree of dominance was greater than one for most traits.

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Factorial mating desiing involoing Four lines OF maize (Agr183 . w13R. W17.161 and R153) used as males and other five live lines (OH40. IK58. IK8. ZP and DK) used as females. The nine lines and crosses among them were planted using ACBDesing with three replications and data taken for traits: number of ears per plant length ead diamerer number of rows per ear ; number ofgrains per row 100 grain weight and grain yield per plant M arked significant heterosis was observed for almost al the traits examined lt was shown plant Marked significant heterosis was observed for almost al the traits examined lt was shown that nonadditive gene action was more important in the inheritance of all traits Among males (R153) and among femaler (lk8) were the best general combinors for the most of traits and the cross (W13RxZP)was the best specific combinor .

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A full diallel was established in 2006 at Duhok Univ., Iraq, to study heterosis and combining ability for growth, and yield components in four varieties, Early long purple(1),Long purple(2),Black Beauty(3), and Alton kubry (4) of eggplant. The results revealed that F1's exhibited significant heterosis for all traits. The hybrid (3×1) gave the highest heterosis value for plant height and fruit weight. The hybrid (4×2) produced the greatest value for number of branches and early yield plant . Whereas, the hybrid (4×1) was earliest in date of flowering and possessed the highest heterosis in fruit diameter. The parent 2 (long purple) revealed as the best general combiner for most desirable traits . Analysis of combining ability indicated that GCA mean square was significant for all traits, whereas, SCA mean square was non-significant in number of branches ,number of leaves till 1st inflorescence, total and early yield. Specific combining ability results for each hybrid exhibited that 2x4 was characterized with a good specific combining ability for most traits .On the other hand ,there was a significant reciprocal effect's for date of flowering, no. of flowers inflorescence-1 , average fruit weight, no. of fruits plant-1 ,fruit length and diameter which was obviously recognized between the hybrid 3x1 and its reciprocal.

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Forty nine genotypes of okra including seven parents and their 42 hybrids were tested by using randomized complete block design with three replicates for testing of heterosis, gene action and heritability, these genotypes were crossed in all possible combinations (Full Diallel Cross) during 2011 and 2012 seasons in the vegetable field , Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture and forestry, Mosul University. The result of statistical analysis showed that F1's exhibited significant heterosis for all characters . The hybrid(7×4) gave the negative value for number of days to flowering (-15.33) . The hybrid(5×7) gave the highest heterotic value for the number of flowering and number of fruit per plant and total yield and early yield (92.53),(92.33), (2.18), (46.70) respectively. The hybrid (3×4) gave the highest value for the fruit length (1,38) , the hybrid showed(×26) stem highest value for the fruit diameter and the hybrid(2×6)gave the highest value for the early yield (2.75) . The hybrid(2×1) ,(5×1) showed highest value for the number of seed / fruit and total seed yield (15.33) ,(9.23) respectively . A significant additive genetic variance was show for the number of flowering and number of fruit per plant , early yield, total seed yield and total yield . Broad and narrow sense heritability were high for the number of flowering and number of fruit per plant , early yield and total yield which indicate additive gene action for these characters . Average degree dominance was greater than one for number of days to flowering, number of flowering and number of fruit per plant, total yield, early yield, seed number, total seed yield and fruit weight , indicating over dominance control of these traits .

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Ten genotypes of maize were used in this study which were( ZP-341, ZP-434, Drachma , Farnce-44 , NK-Vitorino , Klips ,Corina, Ronaldino-200 ,Dkc-5684 ,Zp600).Entered in half –diallel crosses program as a method of griffing to get (45) crosses during spring seasons of (2014-2015) R.C.B.D with three replicate to study the heterosis by two methods (deviation from first fileial median to parents median and the best of them) . Study of the traits ; number of rows ear , number of grains and hetrobilotiss row , number of the grains ear , weight of 100 grains and grain yield of plant were recorded . the data showed high significant differences between the genotypes ( parents and the first filial hybrids) for all studied traits at 1% level of prob. The hybrids (DKC-500 × ZP-600 ) (France-44× Nk-vitorino) ( Drachma × zp-600 ) ) ( Drachma × DKC-500) ( Drachma × France-44) (ZP-434 × France-44) deviation of first Dielial on mid- parents and the best parents of studied .

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Six hybrids maize (Zea mays L.) line:(1) ZM4L,(2) ZM51L,(3) ZP-301,(4) ZM19L, (5) OH, and(6) Un440 were used in crossing program for obtaining first-generation hybrids during the spring 2016 season. Selfing F1s’ of the previous hybrids on autumn season of the same year led to obtained the second-generation hybrids. The inbred lines Two generations hybrids were planted on 2017 spring season. The experiment was carried out by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with three replicates. The goal of the experiment was to find out the performance of genotypes and estimation of heterosis based on the best parent, of the commercial hybrid (CADZ). of first-generation hybrids and inbreeding depression of the second-generation on the days to female flowering. Other characteristics including; plant height, leaf area, number of rows per ear , number of kernel in each row, weight of 300 grains, and yield of individual plant . The results of the statistical analysis revealed significant differences of all the studied characteristics of each parents, the first-generation, and second-generation except for the number of days of male flowering. Hybrid; Un440 x ZM4L showed a significant and desirable heterosis for the plant height, leaf area, and number of kernel in the rows compared to the best parents and commercial variety. The hybrids; ZM19L x ZM51L and Un440 x ZM51L, showed it did not happen to them inbreeding depression because of the negative and significant correlation with the desired the number of kernels in the row. While, the hybrid; OH x ZM4L , for the number of rows per ear and the hybrid; OH x ZM19L , for the weight of 300 grains.

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Six Genotype of maize were used in this study to give 15 hybrids by using half diallel crosses in spring season of 2004. The parent and crosses were planted in autumn season of 2004 by using a randomize complete block design with three replication. The aim of this study Estimation of Heterosis between the genotypes of maize in F1. Significant differences were found between the genotypes and hybrids for all the characteries the genotype (IPA 3001) gave grain yield 190.80 gm. While the hybrid (105 × SP18) gave grain yield (212.50) gm. The heighest heterosis value was 17.77 % appeared in grain yield for the hybrid (105 × SP18).

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Six varaieties of bread wheat Triticum aestivum L.(Sham 4, Adnaniya, Iba 95, Tamoz 2, Eratom, Abo-Graib) and their half diallel crosses were used to estimate heterosis, broad and narrow sense heritability for the following quantitative characters: heading time, number of tillers per plant, plant height, flag leaf area, number of spikes per plant, spike length, number of spiklet per spike, number of grains per spike, 100 grain weight, grain yield per plant and the harvest index. Most hybrids appeared significant and desirable values for heterosis. The broad sense heritability was high for plant height, spike length and number of spiklet per spike while, it was modrate for harvest index, and low for heading time, number of tillers per plant, flag leaf area, number of spike per plant, number of grains per spike, 100 grain weight and grain yield per plant. The narrow sense heritability was high for plant height and harvest index, and moderate for heading time, spike length, number of spiklet per spike,100 grains weight while it was low for number of tillers per plant, flag leaf area, number of spike per plant, number of grains per spike and grain yield per plant.

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Four maize inbreds (LO1220, B73, NA17 and NA30) and their full diallel crosses were used in this experiment. Parents and crosses were planted at the farm of the Field Crop Department/College of Agriculture/University of Baghdad. Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications used during the spring and fall seasons of 2013 to investigate the effect of three sowing dates (1 July, 15 July and 1 August) to the characters of genotypes and hybrid vigor. Data were collected for number of days to 50% pollen shedding and silking, plant height, ear height and leaf area, the results analyzed statistically and genetically. The results showed sowing date were significant different between the sowing dates 1 July gave the highest values of pollen shedding and silking characteristics. The parent LO1220 and NA17 were earlier in the flowering, while the B73 parent was superior in leaf area, plant height and ear height. the cross NA17×LO1220 was superior in the number of days to 50% pollen release 51.93 days when sown on 1 July while the crosses LO1220×NA17 was superior in the number of days to 50% silking 54.44 day when sown on 1 July. The crosses B73×NA17 was superior in the plant height an average of 139.33 cm when sown on 1 August and given the crosses LO1220×B73 and NA17×B73 were superior in the ear height an average of 72.73 cm when sown on 1 Augest. The results showed that the hybrid vigor was highly significant for characters. The August 14.95% in the reciprocal NA17×B73 for ear height in 1 July. The results of this study revealed that the studied character under dominance gene action.

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