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The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical signs and histopathological changes of acute toxicity of ivermectin in the centeral and peripheral nervous system liver, kidney, pancreas and heart of pigeons after s/c injection with ivermectin .Eighteen bird were divided into three equal groups.Group A were injected with 8mg,group B were injected with 10 mg and group C served as control group.The results showed markedy reduced of water and food consumption ,somnolence and death of treated pigeons.Nervous signs were restlessness, ataxia, un steady gait, tremor and recumbent. The histopathological changes included degeneration of nerve fibers of spinal cord and sciatic nerve .Degeneration , necrosis and vacuolation were noticed in liver, kidney and heart,as wll as proliferation of bile duct was also seen in liver.

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Prevalence and anthelmintic resistance status of gastrointestinal nematodes in 430 sheep investigate by faecal examination was conducted in Qushtapa, Khabat, Benslawa, Salahaddin subdistricts in Erbil, from April to July 2012.The mean eggs per gram (EPG) count determined by using modified McMaster technique, showed that (40.46%) of the sheep were infested, the higher infection was 17.2% Nematodirus spp., 13.02% Strongylus spp., 4.18% Marshaligia spp., 2.79% Trichurus spp. and 3.25% with coccidia. Four farms were selected randomly each divided to control and three treatment groups: Levamisol, Albendazole and Ivermectin groups. Anthelmintic efficacy was measured after treatment dates were investigated with faecal egg count reduction test, the FECRT percentage for Levamisol in sheep ranged from 80.3 to 94.7 which show most effective in Khabat with FECRT of 94.7% while with Albendazole ranged from 75.5% to 80.2%, suspected resistant in all group, but the injectable Ivermectin in sheep ranged from 85.2 to 94.8 and show effective in Bnaslawa and Salahaddin with FECR of 94.6% and 94.8% respectively.All the anthelmintic were found to be low effective, but resistance to Albendazole was suspected. Based on the findings, it was concluded that development of anthelmintic resistance could be prevented by avoiding frequent dosing and under dosing, while strategic deworming should be practiced by both animal health workers and animal owners.

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In order to determine the dermatophytosis infection in cattle, twentyscraping samples were collected from cattle showed clinical signs of skindisease in different areas in Diyala governorate during a period fromNovember 2012 to May 2013.Results in cattle samples showed that 18 out of 20(90%) were positive forfungal infection. The highest percentage of infection was seen in November(50%), (30%) in February, and the lowest in March (20%). The main fungalspecies that isolated was Trichophyton verrucosum. A single subcutaneousinjection of ivermectin at a dose of 200 microgram/kg. was administered tothe affected animals. Recovery was observed after 10 days after injection,started by scales dropping and appearance of the hair. These findings showthat ivermectin can be used successfully in the treatment of dermatophytosisin bovine induced by immunopotentiation due to the elevation in the totalwhite blood cells ( lymphocytes) after ivermectin injection.

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ABSTRACTBackground and Objective: Scabies is a common health problem in Duhok; with a considerable burden on patients, families, communities and the health system. Currently, different types of treatments are available, oral and topical.The study aims to compare the efficacy of oral ivermectin versus topical permethrin 5% cream in treating scabies.Patients and Methods: A randomized control clinical trial was conducted in the dermatology outpatient clinic at Azadi General Teaching hospital in Duhok city, between April 2014 and August 2014. A total of 100 patients clinically diagnosed with scabies were divided randomly into two groups. The first group received topical 5% permethrin cream while the second group received 200 micrograms/kg oral ivermectin. The two groups were followed up for one week and those who did not achieve cure were given a second dose ofeither treatment and their clinical status was evaluated after two weeks.Results: A total of 16 patients were excluded(8 from each group) during the course of the study because they did not show up during the follow up or received another treatment for scabies. The mean age of patients was 29.4 years. Treatment of patients with oral ivermectin resulted in curing 50% of patients, while only 42.9% of patients were cured by using topical permethrin after one week following a single dose of either treatment. The overall cure rate increased after a second dose for uncued cases to 95% with oral ivermectin and 88.1% with topical permethrin; after another two weeks of follow up. However, those differences were statistically not significant.Conclusion: The study concluded that oral ivermectin was as effective as topical permethrin cream in the treatment of scabies.

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Twenty draught stallions, 4-10 years old, were used in this study. The horses were divided into two equal subgroups (10 horses for each) to compare the efficacy of a single dose of Ivermectin (oral paste), 0.2 mg/kg B.W., with a single dose of Oxibendazole (oral suspension), 10 mg/kg B.W. The parameters that used were EPG, RBCS, Hb and PCV pre- and post-treatment. Results indicated reduction in EPG to zero within 14 days after treatment with Ivermectin, while there were gradual reduction in EPG without complete absences of eggs after 21 days of treatment with Oxybendazole. Also there were increase of RBCS, Hb and PCV after 14 days of treatment with Ivermectin and after 21 days of treatment with Oxybendazole. Results of evaluation of therapeutic agents indicated that Ivermectin in a dose of 0.2 mg/kg B.W. given as oral paste as a single dose was more effective than Oxibendazole in a dose of 10 mg/kg B.W. given as oral suspension as a single dose in the treatment of draught horses affected with gastrointestinal and lung worms.

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Cutuneous warts in bovine are benign tumors induced by virus belongs to
papillomaviruses family . Ivermectin drug used in treatment of endo and ectoparasites in
animals and to treat the bovine warts at a dose 300 microgroms / Kg . B . wt . sub
cutaneously .
Ten cattles were be used in this expirement , five of them injected subcutaneously at
the base of the wart and other Five injected also subcutaneously upper of the scapular bone
faraway the wart position .
Statistical analysis for obtained results reveals presence of singnificantly raised
(P<0.05)in the mean of total white blood cells count from (5.480±1.064)cell before treatment
and reach to (7.380±0.511)cell after treatment and the mean of lymphocytes rate from
(35.200±6.685)% before treatment and reach to (65.400±11.929) %after treatment .Also
reveals significant depression (P<0.05) in the mean of neutrophils and monocytes rates from
(57.800±6.685)% , (4.200±0.836)% before treatment and reach to (31.200±11.322)% , (1.600
± 1.140)% after treatment respectively .
Eight cattles were being recover from sum of ten cattles and the clearance rate reach's
to 80% without any side effect on the animals so the mean of total white blood cells counts
for recovered animals are showing in table -1 are being normal was (5.940±0.698) also the
mean of differential percentage of the white blood cells is returned normal , neutrophils was
(60.400±0.270)% , lymphocytes (33.600+3.209)% , monocytes (4.400±0.894)% , eosinophils
(1.200±0. 447)% ,and basophils (0.600±0.548)% .

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The objective of this study was to evaluation the effect of Ivermectin on semen quality and estimation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in seminal plasma. Six mature Awassi rams aged 2-3 years and weighing 38-42 Kg were used in this study. Semen collection was done weekly for five weeks from the same ram. The first two collection was considers as training for the animal and discarded, the second two collection were considers for control group. After administration of the drug (Ivermectin), semen samples were collected from the Awassi ram 1, 7,14 days. The parameter studies were included semen volume, percentage motility of sperm, sperm concentration, live sperm, and morphology percentage. Samples of seminal plasma were analyzed for the estimation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Results of this study indicate that Ivermectin leads to significant (P<0.05) decreased in semen parameters after first semen collection. Reaction time significantly higher (P<0.05) in the treated group after 1 days of injection. Alanine aminotransferase ALT, Aspartate aminotransferase AST show no significant differences in activities in seminal plasma during study. In conclusion: it is preferable to use the animals for the purpose of reproduction only after at least 7 days after Ivermectin injection due to it harmful effect on semen quality.

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Aspergillosis is considered one of the most common, causes of respiratory disease in pet birds. It is caused by infection with a fungus of the genus Aspergillus. The species of this organism that most frequently causes respiratory disease in pet birds is Aspergillusfumigatus.Two aqueous solutions contain 0.04% and 0.08% ivermectin which supplied commercially by VAPCO company for pharmaceutical production are used in treatment of fourty birds infected by aspergillosis orally.Results reveals that presence of significant correlation (p<0.05) in time of clearance of the lesion between the treated group by 0.08% concentration and control group which is treated by 1% clotrimazole were be 8-10 days and more 45 days respectively.Also there is significant elevation in monocyte rates result in immunepotentiation for all treated group by ivermectin share in killing the causative agents.The rate of cure was 100% in all treated birds which were treated by ivermectin but in different periods.

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The objective of this study was evaluation the effect of ivermcetin on semen quality and serum testosterone levels of Iraqi Awassi ram. Ten mature Awassi rams (aged 2.5- 4 years and weighing 37- 44 ± 0.3 kg) were used in this study. Rams were divided randomly into 2 groups each group contain 5 animals; the first one consider as treatment which was sub cautiously injected with ivermcetin at dose 0.2 mg/ kg bw, the second group left as control group injected with physiological normal saline. Semen samples collected by using artificial vagina at 1 day prior to ivermcetin injection and after 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 days following semen volume, mass motility, individual motility, sperms concentration, percentage of live sperm, percentage of abnormal sperms and blood samples were taken for estimated serum testosterone levels at each times of collection. Result of this study shows significantly (P<0.05) decrease in semen volume, sperm concentration and serum testosterone levels of treatment group while percentage of mass and individual motility show no insignificantly differences after 3 days following ivermcetin injection and Sperm abnormalities increase significantly (P<0.05) in treatment group comparing with the control group. After 5 days following ivermcetin injection, Semen parameters and serum testosterone levels demonstrate no significant differences between control and treatment groups. It could be concluded it's not prefer be use animals for breeding at least 5 days following the ivermcetin injection due to its harmful effect on semen quality and serum testosterone level.

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The aim of the present study was to describe the clinical features of mange and to evaluate the effectiveness of Ivermectin in treatment of affected goats referring to hematological and biochemical aspects. For this purposes local 180 female goats (does) kept in Farm Animal-College of Veterinary Medicine-Baghdad University were examined. Their ages were (1-2) years and had a mean average weight of (27.50 ± 2.25) kg. Thirty-six goats out of 180 were infested with mange. Other 36 was chosen from the herd and regarded as a control group. The infested group received Ivermectin 1% injected by subcutaneous route at a dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg B.W., in a single dose, while the control group received none. Blood samples were collected aseptically via jugular vein puncture at zero time, as well as 28 days post-Ivermectin treatment. Results indicated that the causative agent was Sarcoptis scabiei var caprae with a percent of 20% which were noticed on the muzzle, ears, neck, face, shoulder and back. White blood cells (WBCs) were increased in the untreated goats compared with the treated goats after 28 days of the experiment. Red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb) content and packed cells volume (PCV) increased significantly (p< 0.05) at four weeks after the commencement of treatment. Total protein, albumin, globulin, bilirubin and glucose were significantly decreased (p< 0.05) in untreated group compared with treatment and control groups. In conclusion, the treatment goats were much more active and had gone back to feed with the absence of lesion after 28 days post-treatment beside retaining the hematological and biochemical parameters to nearly normal values.

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