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Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin produced mainly by fungi Aspergillus flavus in food and animals feed. It is considered as a carcinogenic toxin for human and animals. The current study is designed to investigate the incidence of mycoflora in twenty four samples of local stored maize collected from Iraqi governorates; investigate the presence of aflatoxin B1 on these samples using TLC and ELISA techniques. The fungi recovered from maize samples were Aspergillus flavus (18.57 % ), Fusarium spp. (12.8 % ), A. ocraceus (9.96 % ) , A. terrus (9.07 % ), A. fumigatus (8.46 % ) , Alternaria spp. (6.40 % ) Rhizopus spp. (4.98 % ), A. niger spp., A. oryzae spp. (4.80 % ), Penicillium spp. (4.53 %) A. versicolor spp., Rhizoctonia spp. (4.27 %), A. tamari and Mucor spp. (3.20 %). Aflatoxin B1 was present in twelve samples of stored maize collected from Iraqi governorate and the concentration of toxin ranged between 2.30 to 30 ppb using TLC technique and 270 to 500 ppb using ELISA technique.

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A field experiment was carried out during the autumn season of 2015 in Abu Gharaq area, (10 km west of the Hillah city) to study the response of four maize genotypes to nitrogen fertilizer levels as whole or split application. Factorial experiment was carried out in split plot arrangement within randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications . Four genotypes of maize (US hybrid , Hispanic hybrid , Euphrates hybrid and popcorn ) put insub-plot and main main-plot included nitrogen fertilizer (urea 46%N) in five treatments (0 , 100 kg N.ha-1as whole or split application , 200 kg N.ha-1as whole or split application) . Maize genotype were differ significantly in most of the traits , popcorn was superior in plant height (186.03 cm), number of leaves (16.22 ) ,plant leaf area (6671 cm 2) , leaf area index (3.55). American hybrid was superior in stem diameter (15.07 mm) .Nitrogen fertilizer treatments were differ in their effect , in which 100 kg application as one timewas superior in plant height (161.05 cm). Nitrogen fertilizer treatments did not differ in number of leaves , leaf area , leaf area index, stem diameter , days number to 50% female flowering. The interaction between popcorn (surur var.) with the addition of 200 kg N.ha-1(as split application in two parts) in plant height (191.33 cm) and leaf area (6805 cm 2). And the same genotype with 100 kg N.ha-1(as whole) in the number of leaves (16.66) and leaf area index (3.7). American hybrid interaction with the addition of 200 kg N.ha-1(as split in two parts)was superior in stem diameter (15.40 mm).

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RAPD DNA markers were used to evaluate trends in genetic diversity among 20 of 24 cms line populations derived from early and advanced cycles of selection. All of the 10 RAPD primers used for initial screening were found to be polymorphic. A total of 139 DNA fragments were generated by 10 random decamer primers, with an average of 13.9 easily scorable fragments per primer. The number of amplified fragments produced per primer ranged from 6 for OPC-02 primer to 21 for OPC-07 and OPE-07 primers, with molecular size ranged from 264bp to 2717bp. The total number of polymorphic fragments and the percentage of polymorphism were 109 and 78%, respectively. Maximum level of polymorphisms were (94%) and (93%) observed for the primers OPD-05 and OPC-08, respectively. Primers OPC-02 and OPD-08 showed the lowest percentage of polymorphism, which were about (50%) and (53%), respectively. Based on the bivariate (1-0) data and genetic similarity with the use of UPGMA cluster method, the dendrogram separated the studied populations into five major clusters I, II, III, IV and V. Cluster analysis which compared between original and subpopulations places in the dendrogram, showed that selection plays an important role in developing new populations via selfing. R6O and its progeny R6S showed a diverged genetic background against other populations. Genetic similarities, computed by Nei and Li’s similarity coefficient revealed that the highest estimate (0.97) was observed between the original and subpopulation of R6. Meanwhile the lowest genetic similarity (0.76) was detected between the original and subpopulation of R2. The highest genetic similarity among the different populations was 0.89 observed between R3O and both R4 populations, whereas genetic distance widened slightly in R6 population after three cycles of selection as R6s possessed the lowest GS value (0.57) against A5O. Relationship between genetic diversity and hybrid vigor was fair enough. Results indicated that DNA molecular markers were highly efficient in detecting the purity and genetic relationship among maize cms populations.

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It is noticed that there are significant differences in the ratio of moisture to the studied species of grain that ranged from ( 9.5% – 10.6% ), The ratio of protein in species (106) is increased to (%11.0) and decrease significantly in the Arabic species to (%9.9), There are significant differences in the centent of the grain oil that ranged between (%2.8-%4.3), There are no differences in the content of ash in the studied grain species,The ratio of the carbohydrates is increased in the kadz species significantly (%74.9) compared at the other species. The ratio of the amylose is increased significantly in the 106 species (2.2%) and followed (23.2% - 25.2%) respectively, There are significant differences in rario of the amylo-pectin for all the studied grain species that ranged from (74.8% - 76.9 %), It is noticed the significant differences between the PH values for the 106, kadz and Arabia species while no significant differences in these values between the ksdz and Al-Shahba species that ranged fromm (5.0 – 5.5). The result of measuring the weight of thousand grain is showed significant differences in the tow kadz and Al-shahba species ranged (24.8 , 48.0), respectively , while did not show any differences in each of the ( 106 ) and Arabia species, The results of the tow kadz and Al-shahba species are increased that ranged between (52.7 , 52.8 kg , cmz respectively , while it decreased in the tow (106) and Arabia species (51.0,51.8 kg.cmz) respectively, It is noticed that there are significant differences between the lengths of grain , The kadz gain is the longest (6.5 mm) and the Arabia species is the shortest (5.2 mm), There are significant differences between the diameters of the studies grain species : The 106 and kadz species are ( 1.9 mm and 2.1 mm ) diameters : respectively, While there are no significant differences in both species Alshahba and Arabia (2.2 mm and 2.3 mm diameters) respectively, The results of the PH measuring are showed no significant differences between Arabia and Al-shahba species , while this value is (4.9, 5.4) in the 106 and kadz species ( 5.5 ), The concentration of the pigments is increased significantly in Al-shahba species (6.8 ppm) more than both the 106 and Arabia while this value is decreased significantly in the Arabia species (5.8)

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A Field experiment was Carried out in Autmun Season of 2012 at two locations first in AL- Hemidat / Thaljah village 20 km West of Mosul city and second at Bashiqa / Tobzawh village 25 km East of Mosul city to study effect of four fertilization levels of no Fertilization Nitrogen, Fertilization with 450kg N/ha at sowin), Fertilization with 225kgN/ha at sowing and 225kgN/ha after 20 days of emergency and Fertiliztion with 150kgN/ha at sowing and 150 kg N/ha after 20 dyas of emergency and 150 kmN/ha 30 day after emergency with clipping at three grwoth stages (25,50and75 % of Tassling) on growth and forage yield of corn variety Bohoth 106 The Experiment was Split plot in Randomized Compelt Blok (RCBD) with three replications. Most of studied Characters at both Lotaions were significantly affcated by Nitrogen Fertilization treatment with some excaptions at both Locations ,The highest dry forage weight was achevied at Tobzawh(8.4taon/ha) and Thaljah(8.59 taon/ha with , Fertilization treatment (4). Also ,most studied characters affected by growth dry forage weight was achevied at Tobzawh(8.97tons/ha) and(8.2 tons/ha) at 75% Tassling growth stage. The interaction between nitrogen Fertilization treatmet and growth stages signifticantly affected of studied characters at both Locations except the % of leaves and % of protein cotent at Thaljah Location and leaves /plant at both Locations

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A field experiment was carried out at the center of training agricultural Al-mahanawia Babil during spring and autumn seasons of 2014 to study the effect of the plant density and ethyphon concentration in growth and grians yield of corn soil The experiment was done with factorial experiment arrangement by ( RCBD) the first factor was agriculture density between the rows ( 40 , 55 ,70)cm . The second factor was the concentrations' of ethyphon (0 - 280-420 - 560 ) gram/he . The results reveeled a significant differences among the plant density and ethyphon concentration for all study traits the density between rows (70)cm by giving high value for leaf area (0.317,0.460)m2 and at 500 grain weigh (136.39,161,72)g for both seasons spring and autumn respectively .while the number of grain /ear trait the density between the rows (55)was succeeded by giving high rang (579)grain/ear for spring season .in other hand the density between rows (40)cm was succeeded by giving high rang (645) grain /ear at autumn season. but the density between rows (70)cm was succeeded at the grain yield trait(263.26,267.10)g for both season spring and autumn sequentially .when the protein ratio ,the same density between rows was succeeded by giving a high rang (9.33,10.12)%for both season spring and autumn sequentially. while the level of ethyphon (0)g/he level gave high ranges for the flowing traits:-leaf area,500 grain weight,number of grain/ear,grain yield, protein ratio of grains. (0.390,0.426)m2,(138,67,163.14)g , (571.60,640.0) grain/ear (260.09,266.50)g and(9.0,9.88)%for both season spring and autumn sequentially.the interference between the density and the ethyphon levels was significant for traits:leaf area,500 grain weight,grain yield,but the difference were no significant for both traits:number of grains/ear and protien ratio in grains.

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A field experiment was carried out during the autumn season of 2014 in the district of Daqouq in Kirkuk governorate to study the impact of five different genetic structures and mechanical and chemical control using several specialized pesticides for maize. The experiment included two factors, the first five structures of maize (Kadz, Munarj, Apcaro, 106 and DKC6586). The second is the three levels of two herbicides (Accent, nicosulfuron with concentrations of 30, 45 and 60 g / 400 lt.) Covering one hectare area of Tissus Basis (rimsulfuron) with concentrations of 30, 45 and 60 g / 400 liters covering one hectare (three methods of control) (One-time digestion after 15 days of germination), the first two times with the first treatment, and the second after 15 days after the first treatment. The first time with the first treatment, the second treatment with the second treatment, the third treatment after 15 days Of the second transaction in addition to the coefficient in comparison, the RCBD was used with three replicates. Some of the traits of the crop (500 grain weight, total yield, total grain yield, and biological yield) were examined. The genotypes were found in their production capacity. (7.5) tons / h. The monarch gene was also superior to 500 grains and a total of 272.1 g and 779.2 g / plant respectively. Anti-annual bushes especially in the case of repeated hoeing for more than two times to complete extermination of these plants Which resulted in a significant increase in the qualities of the seed yield of maize, the treatment of the pesticide characterized by a concentration of 60 grams per hectare marked superiority in the control of annual and perennial bushes, which led to a reduction in the number and reduce dry weights with the increase in grain yield, On the rest of the experimental units in the case of hoeing for two or three times, the pesticide distinguished the pesticide Titus at a concentration of 60 grams per hectare by giving it the highest grain. Therefore, we recommend the cultivation of genotypes Cadiz and Monaraj, and the disruption of more than once, and chemical control with Herbicide characteristic Amaze 60 g per hectare.

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In this study, ten pure maize strains were introduced in the hybridization program according to the factorial design mating system proposed by Comstock and Robinson (1948 and 1952) and were divided into two groups: a local adapted inbred lines and strain 839 and cv 890 used as parents, (ZM51L, ZP-301, OH, IK-58, IK-8, SH, R-153) were used as females, The seeds of the ten parents and twenty-one hybrids were swon in the field of a farmer in the Zlaya area (south of Tikrit) using a random complete block design with three replicates ( RCBD ). The hybrid vigor was studied in methods (on the basis of the first generation deviation of the average and the best parents) The number of rows in per ear, the number of grains in the row, the number of grains in per ear, the weight of 300 weight and the single plant yield.The results showed significant differences between genotypes (parents and first-generation genotypes) of all characters except the number of ears in the plant at a probability level of 1%. the hybris superior (IK-58 x local strain), (ZP-301 x 839)(IK-58 x 839), (ZM51L x C.V890) and (OH x CV 890) were based on the deviation of the average first generation from the average parents And the best parents of all characters studied.

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A field experiment was conducted during the autumn season of 2018 at agricultural research station in Al- Qurna district (80 km north of Basra center). The aim was to study the effect of spraying different concentrations of humic acid (HA) and silicon on the some growth characteristics of maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment was conducted using Three Concentration of humic acid were used 0, 2 and 4 gm L-1, which took the following symbols H0, H1, and H2 respectively and four concentrations of silicon 0, 1, 2 and 3 mML-1 which took the symbols S0, S1, S2 and S3 respectively. A factorial experiment was used in randomized completely block design with four replicates. Maize seeds cv. Fajir1 were planted at 20/7/2018 in a silty loam soil. The results showed that the concentrations of HA differed significantly in all most of the studied characteristics, plant height, leaf area and ear length with an increase by 11.69, 24.89 and 3.49% respectively as compared to the control treatment (H0). The spraying with silicon showed a significant effect. Moreover, the concentration of S3 gave the highest values for plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and ear length. The interaction between HA and silicon showed a significant effect on some of the studied characteristics, the combination of S3×H2 produced the highest values of plant high (174.42 cm) and leaf area (7390.65 cm2).

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A field experiment was conducted during the fall Season 2017 at the fields of Field Crop Department, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad in order to evaluate the performance of double and Single hybrids, and their inbreds of maize in two plant densities. The Study included the comparison among five inbreds (ZM43WIZE, ZM60, ZM49W3E, ZM19 and CDCN5), ten single hybrids, and fifteen double hybrids , resulting from their crossing with two plant densities (60000, 80000 plant.ha-1). The experiments were conducted according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, using the spilt plots arrangement, where the two densities (60000, 80000 plant.ha-1) were represented in the main plots and the 30 genotypes in the sub-plots. The results showed the superiority of the single and double hybrids over their inbreds in all the studied traits. The double hybrids (2x3) (4x5) gave the highest length of ear amounted of (19.98 cm), number of rows per ear (15.38), number of grains per ear (38.98), number of grains per plant (667.1), number of ear per plant (1.17), and the plant yield increased the accordingly reaching185.8 g per plant. The single hybrids (5 × 3) has excelled by giving it the highest plant yield amounted of 184.2 g. This was due to the superiority of the length of ear, which reached (18.42 cm), number of rows per ear (15.42), number of grains per row (35.24), number of grains per plant (653.6) and number of ears per plant (1.20).These two hybrids had highly positive heterosis and hybrid vigor in the desired direction where amounted (6.36%, 3.53%), (9.47%, 87.0%), (5.27%, 3.36%), (7.47%, 0.15%) and (14.2%, 1.44%) for the length of ear, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row, and number of grains per plant, respectively. The heterosis and hybrid vigor for the hybrid (2x3)(4x5) recorded the highest value for the trait of grain yield amounted of (30.2%, 29.2%), respectively, While the hybrid (3x5) gave heterosis and hybrid vigor (5.66%, 17.4%), (26.9%, 35.5%), (20% ,20%), (8.35%, 15.4%), (1.44%, 4.18%), (13.4%, 23.3%), (44.9%, 54%) for the same traits, respectively, and it gave the highest value of total grain yield amounted of (93.8%, 90.2%). The fifth inbred excelled on the others inbred by giving it the highest yield (96.8 g). Increasing in the plant densities from 60 to 80 thousand plants ha-1 led to a decrease in the number of ears, length of ear, number of grains per row, number of grains per plant, and the individual plant yield. The interaction between genotypes and plant densities was significant for all traits except number of ears per plant.

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