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In the recent years, some of the newly constructed asphalt concrete pavements in Baghdad as well as other cities across Iraq showed premature failures with consequential negative impact on both roadway safety and economy. Frequently, load associated mode of failure (rutting and fatigue) as well as, occasionally, moisture damage in some poorly drained sections are the main failure types found in those newly constructed road. In this research, hydrated lime was introduced into asphalt concrete mixtures of wearing course in two methods. The first one was the addition of dry lime on dry aggregate and the second one was the addition of dry lime on saturated surface dry aggregate moisturized by 2.0 to 3.0 percent of water. For each type of addition, five different percentages of lime as a partial replacement of ordinary limestone mineral filler were used; these were; 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3 percent by weight of aggregate besides a control mixture that did not contain lime. Marshall Mix design method was used and the performance properties of moisture damage, resilient modulus, permanent deformation and fatigue characteristics were evaluated using indirect tensile strength, uniaxial repeated loading and repeated flexural beam tests. Also, VESYS5W software was implemented to evaluate the pavements performance in terms of rut depth and fatigue area for a typical pavement structure. The main conclusion withdrawn from this research revealed that the use of 2.5 percent hydrated lime in dry addition method and wet addition method showed an improved fatigue and permanent deformation characteristics, lower moisture susceptibility and high resilient modulus.

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The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of adding hydrated lime on the moisture damage resistance of asphalt concrete mixtures. In this study two samples of asphalt concrete mixture were prepared, the first sample represent control mixture, and the second sample contain hydrated lime with rate (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5%) by the total weight of aggregate. The properties of control mixture and Lime-asphalt concrete mixture were evaluated by Marshall tests results, Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) results, and retained Marshall Stability (RMS) test results. The results for these tests indicated improvement in mixture proprieties, increased resistance of asphalt concrete against moisture damage, and reduced effect of water on the properties of asphalt concrete. As a final result, the use of (2%) hydrated lime enhanced asphalt concrete properties and produce durable mixtures for highway construction.

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Moisture damage is a primary mode of distress occurring in hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements in Iraq. Because of the loss of bond, or stripping, caused by the presence of moisture between the asphalt and aggregate, which is a problem in some areas and can be severe in some cases, it is requires to evaluate the design asphalt mixture to moisture susceptibility. Many factors such as aggregate characteristics, asphalt characteristics, environment, traffic, construction practices and drainage can contribute to stripping. Asphalt concrete mixes were prepared at their optimum asphalt content by superpave system and then tested to evaluate their engineering properties, which include tensile strength, resilient modulus, and permanent deformation, stiffness, and fatigue characteristics. These properties have been evaluated using indirect tensile strength, uniaxial repeated loading and repeated flexural beam. The experimental results, in general, showed that the mixes subjected to moisture damage give low resistance to indirect tensile strength, low resilient modulus at 40 ̊ C, high permanent deformation at 40 ̊ C, low stiffness, and low fatigue life, by (19%, 21%, 93%, 62% and 70%) respectively as compared with unconditioned mixture.

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The moisture damage is one of the main failure modes affecting on the flexible pavement performance. The stripping action of water helping to reduce the bonding strength between the asphalt binder and the aggregate particles. The moisture damage resistance depends on many factors: asphalt binder, aggregate type, and mineral filler. This study has been made to evaluate the effect of SBS on the moisture sensitivity. The asphalt mixtures are divided into two types: the unmodified, and the modified. The SBS content was (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0.3.5, 4.0) % by the weight of asphalt. The performance tests include: Marshall Test, Indirect Tensile Strength Ratio test, and the Index of Retained Strength test. The tests results show that the asphalt mixtures modified by SBS have shown a developed in the Marshall properties, and increasing the moisture damage resistance. However, the using of (3% SBS) by the weight of asphalt has the best effect on the Marshall properties, and on the moisture damage resistance, which increase the pavement performance against the environmental effects

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Moisture damage of asphalt concrete is defined as losing the strength and Permanence caused by the active presence of moisture.The most common technique to reduce moisture damage is using modifiers with the asphalt binder or the aggregate.The goal of this study was to explore the effect of various modifiers of polymer on the moisture susceptibility mixture of asphaltic concrete pavement. Modifiers included in this research selected two kinds of polymers Crumb Rubber No 50 (CR No 50) and Methyl Methacrylates (MMA(which are available in the local markets in Iraq and have been used in three percentages for each type. These percentages are (5, 10 and 15)% for (CR No 50) and (2.5, 5 and 7.5(% for (MMA).Each type of these polymers is blended with asphalt by wet process at constant blending times for a suitable range of temperatures. The experimental works showed that all polymers modified mixtures have indirect tensile strength higher than control asphalt mixtures, its about (2-15) %, dependent on different type of polymer and polymer concentration under predicted suitable blending time.Test results of indirect tensile strength indicated betterment in modifying the proprieties of mixture, the increased resistance mixture of asphalt concrete pavement versus moisture damage, and reduced the effect of water on asphalt concrete properties. The final result is the addition of (10% CR No 50) and (5% MMA) to asphalt mixtures showed an improved mixture of asphalt concrete properties and produced strong mixtures for road construction.One model is predicted for tensile strength ratio [TSR]to estimate the effects of polymer modification on moisture susceptibility mixture of asphalt concrete.

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Many researchers tried to prevent or reduce moisture damage and its sensitivity to temperature to improving the performance of hot mix asphalt because it is decreasing the functional and structural life of fixable pavement due to the moisture damage had exposed to it. The main objective of this study is to inspect the effect of (fly ash “3%, 6%, 12%”, hydrated lime”5%, 10%, 20%” and silica fumes”1%, 2%, 4%) referring to previous research by the net weight asphalt cement as a modified material on the moisture and temperature sensitivity of hot mix asphalt. This was done using asphalt from AL-Nasiria refinery with penetration grade 40-50, nominal maximum size (12.5) mm (surface course) of aggregate and one type of mineral fillers (limestone dust) with 7%.To achieve the requirements of this study, the indirect tensile strength test according to (AASHTO T 283) criteria and compressive strength test were adopted to evaluate the index of retained strength according to (ASTM D 1075) to identify the moisture damage as well as indirect tensile strength test to evaluate sensitivity to temperature of the hot mix asphalt using modification and net asphalt.These tests showed that there is a significant evolution in the resistance to moisture damage and decrease in the sensitivity to temperature of hot mix asphalt with modifying asphalt compared to the reference mixture.

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Due to increasing cost of asphalt binder, significant economic savings can be realized by using the amount from reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in the production of new hot mix asphalt (HMA). Moreover, this is an environmentally friendly option as it reduces the demand for virgin materials. It has to be remarked that in Iraq RAP is not used in the production of HMA and this valuable material is mostly degraded for use in lower value applications. Four mixtures were designed, which contains three different percent RAP, it is (0%, 5%, 15%) with asphalt grade (40-50) and (25%) with asphalt grade (60-70), it has been changed the grade of asphalt when adding RAP (25%) to compensate for the aged binder in the RAP when adding to mixture. All types of tests result demonstrated that all mixtures have good properties compared with the virgin mixture. This demonstrated that mixtures with RAP content could be successfully designed to meet the local volumetric and performance-specification requirements.

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ABSTRACTIn this investigation, two plastomers polymer types namely: polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) were used to modify asphalt cement. Nine different blends including conventional mixture were subjected to binder testing such as rheological tests before and after aging, as well as to some other tests related to the uniformity of the system. Marshall stability, Marshall Quotient, static tensile strength, tensile strength ratio, static compressive strength and index of retained strength were carried out on the stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixtures. Research results indicate that the addition of these polymers enhance the unaged and aged rheological properties of base binder. The results also indicated that the modified binders are complying with the ASTM D491 specifications for asphalt used in waterproofing applications. As well as, the SMA mixtures containing such binders can satisfy the performance requirement of high-temperature and much rain zone.

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Recycled asphalt concrete mixture are prepared, artificially aged and processed in the laboratory to maintain the homogeneity of recycled asphalt concrete mixture gradation, and bitumen content. The loose asphalt concrete mix was subjected to cycle of accelerated aging, (short –term aging) and the compacted mix was subjected to (long -term aging) as per Super-pave procedure. Twenty four Specimens were constructed at optimum asphalt content according to Marshall Method. Recycled mixture was prepared from aged asphalt concrete using recycling agent (soft asphalt cement blended with silica fumes) by (1.5%) weight of mixture as recycling agent content. The effect of recycling agent on aging after recycling process behavior of asphalt concrete was determine. Aged specimens after recycling process were prepared by subjecting the recycled asphalt concrete to accelerated aging and tested for resistance to moisture damage. The improvement in the resistance to moisture damage of aged mixture after recycling with (soft asphalt cement blended with silica fumes) was 76.17% as compared to the corresponding aged mixture before recycling process. The ITS for unconditioned specimens for aged after recycling process mixture was less than reference by 67.1%, and less than that of aged before recycling process mixtures by 64.1%.

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Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded asphalt concrete hot blend combining high-quality coarse aggregate with a rich asphalt cement content. This blend generates a stable paving combination with a powerful stone-on-stone skeleton that offers excellent durability and routing strength. The objectives of this work are: Studying the durability performance of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixture in terms of moisture damage and temperature susceptibility and Discovering the effect of stabilized additive (Fly Ash ) on the performance of stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixture. In this investigation, the durability of stone matrix asphalt concrete was assessed in terms of temperature susceptibility, resistance to moisture damage, and sensitivity to the variation in asphalt content. Specimens of 63.5 mm height and 102 mm diameter were compacted using the Marshall method at 150 °C. The optimum asphalt content was determined. Additional specimens were prepared with (0.5) percent below and above the OAC requirement. Specimens were subjected to indirect tensile strength (ITS) determination at (25 and 40) °C, and double punch shear strength determination. Another group of specimens was subjected to Marshall properties determination and to moisture damage. It was observed that stone matrix asphalt exhibit lower sensitivity to the change in asphalt content from the resistance to moisture damage and temperature susceptibility points of view. However, the tensile and shear properties exhibit significant sensitivity to the variation in asphalt content.

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