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In order to determine the toxic effects of anastrazol and its relationship to the incidence of osteoporosis, this study was conducted (56 females laboratory rats ) aged (3-4 month) divided into (7 groups) each group composed 8 female rats as follows: The first group was treated with a anastrazol (0.02 mg/1 kg body weight) for a 60 days. The second group was treated with anstrazol (0.02 mg/1 kg body weight) and fish oil (3750 mg/1 kg of body weight) for 60 days. The third group was treated with anstrazol (0.02 mg/1 kg body weight), and phytoestrogen (genstien) (20 mg/1 kg of body weight) for 60 days. The fourth group was treated with anstrazol (0.02 mg/1 kg body weight) , fish oil (3750 mg/1 kg of body weight) and phytoestrogen (genstien) (20 mg/1 kg of body weight) for a 60 Day. The fifth group is treated with a drug phytoestrogen (genstien) (20 mg/1 kg of body weight) for a 60-day. The sixth group were treated with fish oil (3750 mg/1 kg of body weight) for a 60-day. The seventh group is a group control are not treated by any drugs for a 60 days.The biochemical results showed a significant decline in value of estrogen in the GI (43.925±2.895) compared with GII, GIII and GIV while significant improvement observed in the estrogen level of GII, GIII and GIV respectively (70.308±2.140), (67.42±3.812) and (74.15± 3.603) compared with the first group (43.925±2.895). Also the GIV showed the optimal improvement in estrogen level (74.15±3.603), as well, the biochemical results showed significant increase in the level of the alkaline phosphatase in the GI which showed (190.02±3.98) compared with GII, GIII and GIV while showed significant improvement of alkaline phosphatase values in the GII, GIII and GIV respectively (180.57±1. 89), (181.37±5. 03), (176. 8±2, 41).In Real-Time PCR RANK in the first group showed up-regulation (12.157±1.59) compared with the second, third and fourth groups (5.50±90.601), (6.903±0.130) and (3.018±0.027) respectively. The results also showed an up-regulation RANKL in Group I (8.458±0.766) compared with the second, third and fourth groups respectively (6.071±0.53), (4.970±0.228) and (3.398±0.114). While the results showed an up-regulation OPG in the second, third and fourth respectively (1.924±0.08), (1.014±0.064) and (5.567±1.419) compared in the first group (0.009±0.0076).We concluded that the derivatives like genestein and fish oil lead to ameliorate the toxic effect of anastrazole, also these derivatives may minimized the risk of osteoporosis caused by estrogen deficiency.

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Osteoporosis is a systemic disease of the skeleton, characterized by low bone mass and alteration in the micro-architecture of the bone tissue that lead to an increase in brittleness with the ensuing predisposition to bone fracture. Global statistics shows that women are more exposed to this disease than men and in particular at menopause. This study was designed to evaluate the use of some bone markers: serum osteocalcin (Ost), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as bone formation markers, also parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium and inorganic phosphate level, for the assessment of patients with osteoporosis and to evaluate their role in monitoring of several types of therapeutic interventions (such as bisphosphonates, hormonal replacement therapy, and Ca and vit.D) in postmenopausal women.This study comprised of 36 women (age 51.67±5.14 years) those diagnosed to have osteoporosis, to be allocated randomly into three groups according to the type of therapy to be given as;
group A: received bisphosphonates (sodium alendronate 10mg/day) for twelve weeks (N=12).group B: treated with hormonal replacement therapy (conjugated estrogen 0.625mg/day) for twelve weeks (N=12). group C: received Ca and vit. D (Ca1500mg/day and cholecalciferol 1000IU/day) for twelve weeks(N=12). In addition to 15 perimenopausal healthy women to serve as a control group (age 51.13±7.62 years).The studied parameters were measured in serum obtained before starting treatment and after 12 weeks of therapy. Result indicated that the baseline values of both serum Ost and ALP were significantly higher in postmenopausal patients as compared to controls and serum Ost showed a significant reduction after treatment with alendronate compared to those treated with either HRT or Ca and vit. D.From this study we recommend estimating the baseline bone markers (Ost and ALP) status for newly diagnosed osteoporotic patients to be used as a guide for deciding the initial therapeutic intervention, and detection of non responder instead of waiting until patients develop further fracture while they are on therapy.

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ABSTRACTObjectives: To examine the prevalence of osteoporosis in steroid dependent asthma. To compare it with non-asthmatic patients who use steroid for different diseases and with a third group of patients who were referred for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for various complaints and they never used steroid.Patients and methods: The study involved 70 asthma patients (12 males and 58 females) on oral corticosteroids and /or inhaled steroid, with their mean age of 48.94 with SD±13.49, 40 non asthmatic patients (3 males and 37 females) on oral steroid with their mean age of 53.93 with SD±13.02 and 47 patients as control one male and 46 females who are neither asthmatic nor using steroids, their mean age of 52.47 with SD±9.76. All patients and controls were studied in the outpatient department in Ibn Sena Teaching Hospital. All patients and controls had their bone mineral density (BMD) measurement done by using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA).Results: The effects of weight on the development of osteopenia or osteoporosis indicate no statistically significant effects on the development of osteopenia or osteoporosis. The doses of steroids in osteoporotics showed no statistically significant difference between asthmatics and non-asthmatics. In osteopenia in both groups indicates statistically significant differences between them in favour of asthmatics over non-asthmatics. The duration of treatment with steroids for asthmatics and non-asthmatics indicates that, in osteoporotics asthmatics and non-asthmatics there were statistically significant difference between them, in favour of asthmatics over non-asthmatics, so as in osteopenics. Patients with asthma who take inhaled steroid only, indicates that the higher dose of inhaled steroids lead to osteoporosis with statistically significant difference between those who developed osteopenia or osteoporosis. We compared the DEXA scan score values (T-scores and Z-score values) of asthmatics and nonasthmatics in the entire sample in this study. There were statistically significant differences between asthmatics and non-asthmatics (including the controls) with p-value for the T-scores and Z-score of (0.000, 0.000) respectively.Conclusion: asthma should be regarded as independent risk factor for the development of osteopenia and osteoporosis. Steroid dose should be monitored. Adequate vitamin D supplement as preventive measures is well recognized factor in osteoporosis and osteopenia of all causes.

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Abstract:Objectives: To determine the bone mineral density (BMD) status of our rheumatoid arthritic patients by frequency and severity and to investigate correlation between BMD status with the disease activity and duration.Patients & Methods: Eighty five Iraqi patients who had fulfilled the criteria for rheumatoid arthritis established by American College of Rheumatology (ACR) were enrolled in this study between December 2003 and April 2004. Clinical data regarding disease activity and its duration were reported. BMD measurements of the lumber spine (L1 – L4) were performed using Dual Energy X- Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). T. scores were calculated from the BMD data.Results: A total of 85 patients were assessed, 75 were females and 10 were males with a mean age of 45 years. Twenty nine had normal BMD, Forty had osteopenia and sixteen had osteoporosis. The disease duration was classified into 3 subgroups, short (< 3 years, 23%), intermediate (3 – 6 years, 38.8%), and long (> 6 years, 37%) disease duration with a T. score means (-1.16), (- 0.99) and (- 1.05) respectively. At the time of their baseline BMD measurements, 10 patients had active disease (8 of them on prednisone 10 mg/day) with disease duration mean of ± SD (7.5 years ± 3.9) and T. score mean ± SD of (- 3.02 ± 0.6), while (75) patients whose disease was in remission (inactive) had disease duration mean ± SD of (6.08 years ± 15.6) and T. score mean ± SD of (-1.1 ± 1.3). Persistent or frank reduction of BMD measurements was documented among all patients who had ongoing active disease (p < 0.001). In spite of the importance of the longer disease duration in relation to the BMD reduction, the differences which we obtained did not achieve statistical significance (p > 0.05).Conclusion: Low bone mass density (osteopenia and osteoporosis) is common in patients with (R.A.), and it usually worsens with disease activity and severity.Key words: Osteopenia, Osteoporosis, DEXA.

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Background: Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue, resulting in an increased risk of fractures and has touched rampant proportions. Osteocalcin, one of the osteoblast-specific proteins, showed that its functions as a hormone improves glucose metabolism and reduces fat mass ratio. This study is aimed to estimate the osteocalcin and glucose level in blood serum of osteoporotic postmenopausal Women with and without Type 2 Diabetes.Materials and methods: 60 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis divided into two groups depending on with or without T2DM, 30 patients for each. Serum samples of 30 healthy postmenopausal women were collected as control group. Osteocalcin was measured by ELISA method using a kit of (CUSABIO. China). Glucose was determined by spectrophotometric method. Results: Mean serum osteocalcin in postmenopausal osteoporotic women without Type II Diabetes is higher than control group and the group with T2DM (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: Bone formation marker increases at postmenopausal osteoporosis women; Hyperglycemia also induces osteoblast function and reduces of production osteocalcin at T2DM.

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Background: The figure for the clinical application of computed tomography have been increased significantly inoral and maxillofacial field that supply the dentists with sufficient data enables them to play a main role in screeningosteoporosis, therefore Hounsfield units of mandibular computed tomography view used as a main indicator topredict general skeleton osteoporosis and fracture risk factor.Material and Methods: Thirty subjects (7 males &23 females) with a mean age of (60.1) years underwent computedtomographic scanning for different diagnostic assessment in head and neck region. The mandibular bone quality ofthem were determined through Hounsfield units of CT scan images and were correlated with the bone mineraldensity values obtained from t-scores of lumbar spine using dual x-ray absorptiometry scans (DEXA).Results: There was a highly significant positive correlation [p-value 0.000 (HS)] of bone mineral density that measuredby t-score of dual x-ray absorptiometrical scan and Hounsfield units with very strong relation in measuring the bonedensity (r test) = 0.969, this close relation lead to predict osteoporosity and the chance of fracture occurrence usinga statistical equation that classified the patients as osteoporotic.Conclusion: Hounsfield units obtained from computed tomography scans that are made for any purposes canprovide an alternative clinical parameter to predict osteoporosis at no additional cost to the patient and noadditional radiation.

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Background: Osteoporosis is a major public health problem, because it is lead to weakness of the skeleton and increased risk of fracturesparticularly of the spine and hip, increased morbidity and mortality,and which are a huge burden on the health system due to the high economic costs of those care fractures they produced.Objective:to identify some factors associated with occurrence of osteoporosis amongwomen inAL-Najaf provinceMethodology:A descriptive study was conducted in DEXA unit in radiology department in Al-Sader Teaching Hospital in AL-Najaf Province /Iraq from August 2014 till the end of March 2015.A purposive sample was (150) woman who referred for investigation osteoporosis by using DEXA measurement. Data were gathered by direct interview with the women using especial questionnairethat include questions about socio-demographic characteristics such as age of women, level of education , residency, reproductive variables such as menopausal age,medical history such as hypertension, diabetic mellitus ,body mass index (BMI)and physical activities.Results: Theresults indicated that the osteoporosis in this study was 45.3%. The most of osteoporosis (75%) within age group (> 60) years, (53.7%) woman at menopause, (67.8%) were smoking, (31.3%)had renal problems. The present study showed that (85%) of women with osteoporosis had normal body mass index, while (31.1%) were obese (30+). In addition to, the study revealed that (60%)of women with osteoporosis were within low physical activities levels.Conclusion :The study concludes that theosteoporosis was significantly associated with body mass index, current age, renal problems, Recommendations:the researcher recommended that all women above 50 years to be done DEXA examination yearly or every two years to decrease possibility of osteoporosis .

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background: osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease that affects women more than men, it is characterized by generalizes reduction of bone mineral density (BMD) leaving a fragile weak bone that is liable to fracture, gonial angle index (GAI) is one of the radio-morphometric indices, it has been controversial whether it is related to bone mineral density or ageing or none of them. The aim of study is to evaluate the role of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) as a screening tool for diagnosis of osteoporosis and age effect in females using gonial angle index.Material and method: 60 females were divided into 3 groups according to age and (BMD) status into: Group1 (non-osteoporosis 20-30 years), Group2 (non-osteoporosis 50years and above), and Group3 (osteoporosis 50years and above), each patient had a CBCT scan, and gonial angle index was measured compared among groups.Results: Gonial angle index showed a significant difference between Group1 and Group2 at p < 0.05, while it showed no significant difference between Group2 and Group3 at p > 0.05.Conclusion: Gonial angle index is significantly affected by age factor while it was not affected by osteoporosis, so it cannot be used as a parameter that can predict bone mineral density status patients

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ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a major co-morbidity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Bone mineral density (BMD) in adults can be assessed precisely by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In recent years, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) technique has been used in radiation-free assessment of bone density by mean of ultrasound waves attenuated by bone. OBJECTIVE: The aim of study was to compare QUS to DXA in assessing BMD in patients with RA. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty women with RA (diagnosed according to ACR criteria) of 2-12 years duration, their ages range from 30-72 years, who were seen at Osteoporosis Clinic in Baghdad Teaching Hospital were recruited. Sixty four percent were or had been receiving glucocorticoid treatment. All patients receiving disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Lumbar spine BMD was measured by DXA, and QUS for calcaneum was performed in all patients. RESULT: T-scores measured by QUS were correlated significantly with lumbar spine BMD T-scores measured by DXA (p<0.0005). Bone mineral density T-scores were negatively correlated with age and disease duration. Patients taking glucocorticoids were associated with lower T-scores. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study support QUS as an alternative tool for assessing BMD in patients with RA.

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Osteoporosis has emerged as one of the most significant public health problem in the world especially in developing countries. To evaluate the knowledge regarding osteoporosis among a sample of female Nursing and Technical College of Health and Medicine students. A cross-sectional study including 150 female students from Nursing College, Technical College of Health and Medicine/ Baghdad, during November and December 2014, they were subjected to previously structured questionnaire covering many aspects of osteoporosis distributed in 4 main domains and the students responses were analysed by frequency, percentages and percent score for each question and mean percent score for each domain. Mean percent scores (77% and 60%) for aetiological factor and medical reason domains while (82% and 79%) for complications, and ways of prevention and treatment domains. Satisfactory knowledge level regarding oosteoporosis among study sample.

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