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The purpose of this paper is to comparison between five routing protocols, which have central role in any Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) as Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Load-Balance Ad hoc Routing (LBAR), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), and Load Balancing Routing Mechanism (LBRM) protocols. That may generally be categorized as Table-Driven and On-Demand routing, and decide what are the best operational conditions, for each protocol and explain how the pause time and number of nodes affect their based Load-Balance. Also, performance is measured based on the metrics Average End-to-End delay, Packet Delivery Fraction (PDF) ratio, and Normalized Routing Load (NRL). To implement this comparison between these routing protocols we used simulation to evaluate performance of this comparison. The simulation is performed under Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) to provide on the results agree with awaited search results based on Load-Balancing.

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Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) classified as one of the most important classes of next generation networks that developedin recent years rapidly for vehicles and road transmissions. It can helpin implementing a large set of applications related to vehicles, traffic light, traffic jam, drivers, passengers, ambulance, police, fire trucks and even pedestrians. Routing is the most prominent problem in thetransmission of information in VANETs and there are many modes of dissemination: unicast, broadcast, multicast and geocast. In this paper, we will focus only on the multicast that is referring to a process of sending information from one node (called source vehicle) to a group of nodes that found in different locations (called destination vehicles). The purpose of this paper is to study the existing multicast routing protocols in VANET and produce good survey about them and determine the advantages and disadvantages of each one as well as classify them into different categories based on some effected parameters such as quality of service, vehicle trajectory and etc. After analyzing these routing protocols we concluded that there is persistent need to produce efficient multicast routing protocol in this network to decrease the resource consumption and improve the overall performance.

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Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) classified as one of the most important classes of next generation networks that developedin recent years rapidly for vehicles and road transmissions. It can helpin implementing a large set of applications related to vehicles, traffic light, traffic jam, drivers, passengers, ambulance, police, fire trucks and even pedestrians. Routing is the most prominent problem in thetransmission of information in VANETs and there are many modes of dissemination: unicast, broadcast, multicast and geocast. In this paper, we will focus only on the multicast that is referring to a process of sending information from one node (called source vehicle) to a group of nodes that found in different locations (called destination vehicles). The purpose of this paper is to study the existing multicast routing protocols in VANET and produce good survey about them and determine the advantages and disadvantages of each one as well as classify them into different categories based on some effected parameters such as quality of service, vehicle trajectory and etc. After analyzing these routing protocols we concluded that there is persistent need to produce efficient multicast routing protocol in this network to decrease the resource consumption and improve the overall performance.

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Internet of Things (IoT) enables things to have connectivity throughthe internet. The number of things is growing fast and has to be uniquelyidentified through the Internet to communicate with other things. In WirelessSensor Networks (WSNs) each node can be considered as a thing. WSN noderesources are very limited due to the need to communicate using low power andusually through unreliable links. Such limitations need an energy efficientrouting protocol. WSN is considered as a type of Low power and LossyNetwork (LLN). The routing protocol for low power and lossy network (RPL)is being adopted for LLN and has been standardized to enable connectivity ofWSN over IoT. RPL constricted a topology similar to tree topology. Nodes inRPL optimized its path using an objective function (OF). OF depends ondifferent node/link metrics in the optimization process. In this paper, an EnergyThreshold RPL (ETRPL) protocol is proposed. ETRPL depends on a newobjective function to enhance energy consumption of RPL protocol by takinginto account the remaining energy of the preferred parent node. ETRPL isimplemented using Cooja simulator. The results show that ETRPL provides anincrease in the remaining energy of at least 87.4% for a small area with highnumber of nodes. ETRPL also performed better with regards to Time Delay,Packet Reception Ratio, and the number of dead nodes in a small area. For alarge area, the performance is not encouraging. Thus the proposed ETRPLprotocol is useful for IoT networks with relatively small areas.

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In this modern Internet era and the transition to IPv6, routing protocols must adjust to assist this transformation. RIPng, EIGRPv6 and OSPFv3 are the dominant IPv6 IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocols). Selecting the best routing protocol among the available is a critical task, which depends upon the network requirement and performance parameters of different real time applications. The primary motivation of this paper is to estimate the performance of these protocols in real time applications. The evaluation is based on a number of criteria including: network convergence duration, Http Page Response Time, DB Query Response Time, IPv6 traffic dropped, video packet delay variation and video packet end to end delay. After examining the simulation results, a conclusion will be extracted to reveal the findings of which protocol performs the best upon implementation within a IPv6 WAN. OPNET modeler simulator is used to evaluate the accomplishment of these protocols. To get the results, three scenarios are designed, one for each protocol.

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In this paper, we have investigated some of the most recent energy efficient routing protocols for wireless body area networks. This technology has seen advancements in recent times where wireless sensors are injected in the human body to sense and measure body parameters like temperature, heartbeat and glucose level. These tiny wireless sensors gather body data information and send it over a wireless network to the base station. The data measurements are examined by the doctor or physician and the suitable cure is suggested. The whole communication is done through routing protocols in a network environment. Routing protocol consumes energy while helping non-stop communication in a wireless environment. Because of the very tiny size, energy consumption matters a lot. We have focused on the protocols, which provide energy efficiency and improve network lifetime, through put and minimal path loss. We will be discussing some of the most recent energy efficient routing protocols in this paper; later their comparison with an appropriate table is presented. In addition, recent challenges, possible application and perspectives are discussed.

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The development of routing protocol to manage energy consumption of wireless sensor devices is oneof the active research areas. The main challenge is the resource constraint (e. g. energy). In Internet of Things( IoT) , the devices operate in the presence of these limitations. Thus, an energy- efficient routing protocol isrequired. Routing Protocol for Low- Power and Lossy Network (RPL) is already introduced to enable IoT overWireless Sensor Network. In this paper, a modified routing protocol depending on the maximum number of parentobjective function ( MNP- OF) is proposed. MNP- OF uses a new node metric called Neighboring-metric ( Nmetric).The proposed protocol is called MNP based on Remaining Energy ( MRE) that combines N-metric withthe node remaining energy metric for all nodes to the root node to select the preferred path. The results showedthat MRE achieved up to 94% energy saving compared to RPL protocol in medium and large scale networks,while a reduction of about 33% in average remaining energy in small scale network. MRE showed considerablereductions in the average delay and the number of dead nodes combined with improvements in throughput, numberof control messages, and number of switching parents for large scale network.

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As new ideas and perspectives continue to be shared by various authors, many different aspects of WSNtechnology have been generated according to the pivotal role of WSN for many fields in our lives. This technologycontains different components, the most basic one is the sensor nodes that communicate with each other and deliverthe data. Routing protocols make the sensors’ communication and delivering of data thoughtfully planned to bemore reliable. Routing protocols are a wide field given the importance of their presence in the network to route thedata to the best path or shortest path as much as possible among sensor nodes. This paper focus on cluster-basedrouting protocols that have hierarchal architecture, this class of protocols has gone through a lot of developmentsand improvements because of the great benefits that offer to WSN. Part of these improvements that applied toIEEPB protocol (Improved Energy- Efficient PEGASIS- Based protocol) which is present in this paper is enhancingthe protocol work mechanism using the Ant colony optimization technique (ACO) to conserve wasted energy andthus increase the network lifetime. Therefore, this paper proposes a SIEEPB- ACO (Single IEEPB - ACO) protocolthat is an improved protocol over the IEEPB protocol using ACO. The protocol is simulated using the MatlabR2018b simulator which provides clear and effective simulation results, especially for energy saving. Therefore, dueto the simulation

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