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Presence and frequencies of micronuclei in buccal cells from patients with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) were detected. The aim of this study was to investigate the genome stability in patients and carriers of single gene for sickle cell disease. Buccal swaps were collected from 12 patients with SCA [(6 females and 6 males (Group 1)] and from 8 individuals carrying single gene of SCA (Group2). Ten healthy individuals matching in age and gender were also included in this assay as controls (Group3). Numbers of cells with micronucleus and un-nucleated cells were counted in all the three groups as parameters for the evaluation of genome stability. Significant number (2-12/1000 cells) of buccal cells with micronuclei was seen in patient’s cells. However; one of the individuals with SC trait showed cells with MN. Control groups have very few cells with MN 1-3/1000 cells. Karyolitic (un-nucleated) cell number in group 1 was 2.5 times more than in group 2 and 3 respectively compared to those of the controls. These results suggest that patients with sickle cell anaemia have unstable genome when both causative mutant genes are present. Presence of apoptotic cells is solely indicating their somatic tissue damage as a result of the disease.

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A field experiment was conducted at the Field Crops Research Station of State Board of Agricultural Research at Abu Ghraib in spring 2015. Seven inbred lines of maize (IK8, ZP, W13R, H.S, IK58, ABS 5, ZP607) were used in this study, using Line x Tester analysis, to produced twenty F1 crosses. The parents and crosses were grown in fall season of 2015 using RCBD with three replicates to determine heterosis and general, specific combining ability effects and gene action. Significant differences were found among parental lines and their crosses for all the traits. The result were showed that the cross (IK8× IK58) gave the highest hybrid vigor in grain yield (42.46%) and produced highest grain yield 214.7 gm.plant-1. The values of specific combining ability variance for all the traits revealed superior to the variance of general combining ability. The dominance genetic variance more important than additive variance, the narrow sense heritability for ear length very low (2.5%), white was highest (36.42%). The result indicate that some inbred lines could be used in a breeding program to develop new versions of high yield hybrids and most studied traits were under dominance and over dominance gene action.

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A field experiment was conducted at the field of Field Crop .Dept., College of Agric/Univ.of Baghdad .It was included five Inbreds {ZM34(ZE),ZM60,ZM19,ZM49W3E and CDN5}.That were given number (1,2,3,4,5) .Inbreds were tested for general and specific combining ability by using full dialle. Inbreds were planted in spring 2013 and at anthesis crossing between inbreds all possibilities were carried out In fall season of 2013 ,varietal trail for crosses and parents were conducted using RCBD with four replications to evaluate crosses and parents and estimate some genetic parameters. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences for all traits ,plant high, leaves no. leaf area index ,ear length ,no.of row/ear,no.of grain/row,ears weight and grain yield /plant .The genetic analysis show that inbred 3 was superior and gave high grain yield 100.66 gm because it gave high ears weight 170.25 gm, no.of grain /row 32.88grain and ear length 15.40 ,also it had positive GCA .The cross(1×4) was superior and gave high grain yield 124.57gm because it gave high ears weight 168.82,no.of grain /row 34.60 grain ,no.of rows/ear 15.40 and ear length 16.10cm.also it had positive hybrid vigor 163% .The reciprocal cross 4×3 was superior and gave highest yield 155.05 gm because it gave high ear weight 180.18 ,no.of grain /row 40.25 grain ,no.of rows/ear 15.25and ear length 18.95cm.also it had positive hybrid vigor for grain yield 54% and highest SCA 25.56 . The cytoplasmic inheritance was very clear for some crosses. The average degree of dominance more than one ,it referes to non additive gene effect controlled in most traits . It was revealed that some of inbreds were superior in GCA and SCA;Therefor it can be used in hybrid or synthetic production .most of the traits controlled by dominance gene effects so we recommended using hybridization to improve it.

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To evaluate five maize inbred lines imported from Italy throe the daillel and reciprocal crosses which predict from its, by estimate the Heterosis ,general and specific combining ability effect (Gca, Sca, Rca), nature of gene action and degree of dominance for yield and its component traits. Field experiment was conducted during the two successive seasons of 2013, during spring seasons Full –diallel cross was carried out among inbred lines, In autumn season a comparison experiment between the parents and the hybrids was carried by using randomized complete block design. The result show high differ significantly for all yield traits (ear Plant-1, row ear-1, kernel row-1, 300 kernel weight and yield plant-1), which refer to differ among the parents this was reflected to diallel and reciprocal crosses which led to the disagreed the heterosis value (calculated by defer the F1s of the high parents) by change the parents and from the diallel to reciprocal cross, the highest values for heterosis in this study it was for the yield.plant-1 to the cross Hi39Antiguao x FLO1240 which it 128.86%. The genetic analysis show important both additive and dominants effect to heredity the yield and yield components, throw significant the Gca, Sca and Rca. The Agostano and DSP177 parents show high Gca to translation them genes to increase the charterer on F1,s progenies, per contra the FLo1301M showed different behavior where it was inheritable genes toward reducing qualities in the F1,s progenies. The genetic parameter estimation result showed the dominance effect was more important than the additive effect where it appeared that the rote of Gca/Sca and Gca/Rca more lose than one and the dominance genetic variance (δ2D) which higher than the additive genetic variance (δ2A), as well as the degree of dominance which more than one and high bored sense heritability (h2bs%) ,and lower narrow sense heritability (h2ns %) for all traits, at last we can conclusion that the best method for improve the this maize population is the hybridization or the hybridization followed by selection .

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To evaluate five maize inbred lines imported from Italy by daillel and reciprocal crosses which predict from its, by estimate the heterosis ,general and specific combining ability effect(Gca,Sca,Rca), type of gene action and degree of dominance for growth traits and total yield. Field experiment was conducted during the two successive seasons of 2013 , during spring seasons full –diallel cross was carried out among inbred lines, In fall season a comparison experiment between the parents and the hybrids was carried by using randomized complete block design. The result show significant differences for the plant height (PH)(cm), ear height (EH)(cm) ,number of leafs per plant(NLP) ,leaf area index(LA) ,the biomass(BI) and total yield per area(TY)(tan.h-1) which refer to high variation among the parents. The inbred line Agostano excel in TY (tan .h-1), NLP and the BI, as such the DSP177 was excellence in ether traits and the cross between parents was deign high TY reach to 7.88 tan.h-1.The results of heterosis revealed the 20 cross in PH,15 cross in EH,14 cross in NLP and LAI, 17 cross in BI and 15 cross in TY a positive direction desired for heterosis , best values for it given from the hybrid Hi39Antiguao x FLO1240 (128.9%) in TY . The genetic analyses emerged the greatest role of inheritable traits which to demonic effect and some for this inheritable to additive effect where notes high significant for the GCA,SCA and RCA but the rate of the Gca / Sca more loss than one for all traits as well as the rate of Gca / Rca except LAI in reciprocal cross which it more than one , as such the dominance genetic variance(δ2D) which higher than the additive genetic variance(δ2A), and high bored sense heritability (h2bs%) ,and lower narrow sense heritability (h2ns %)for the daillel cross all traits as well as the degree of dominance which more than one except the LA in reciprocal cross , It can be conclude the possibility of benefit to breed the parents to produce diallel cross by using the hybridization method is the hybridization and the hybridization followed by selection to produce reciprocal cross .

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A field trial was conducted at the fields of Al- Latifyia Research Station for Agriculture Research Directorate / Ministry of Science and Technology in spring and autumn seasons 2013. A half diallel cross was conducted among six inbred lines of maize to produce 15 F1 single crosses in spring season. The seeds of parents and crosses were sown in fall season using R.C.B.D. with three replicates to analyse general and specific combining abilities and to estimate the effects under two sowing dates July 28th and August 7th. The results of genetic analysis showed that the mean squares of GCA and SCA were highly significant for all studied traits in both sowing dates, except number of ears per plant which only GCA was significant in first sowing date and number of rows per ear was only SCA was significant in second sowing date. The variance ratio 0f GCA to SCA was less than one for all traits, this implies that these were controlled by dominance effects. In the first sowing date the parental line SYN-55 was the best combiner for grain yield per plant. while in second sowing date the parental line AM-69 was the best combiner for kernel weight and grain yield per plant. Some hybrids showed desirable significant SCA effects for studied traits, in the grain yield per plant, the hybrid SYN-55 x ART-C-51 in the first sowing date and the hybrid AM-69 x ART-C-51 in the second sowing date was highest value 25.37 and 16.23 respectively. The results indicate that some inbred lines could be used in a breeding program to develop hybrids of high yield per plant and SCA to produce better grain yield hybrids.

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A field experiment was carried out during 2010-2011 at the experimental field of Crop Science Dept.-College of Agriculture-Abu-Graib. This was to estimate of combining ability and type of gene action in inheritance of earliness and seed cotton yield for genotypes under water stress conditions and estimate of hybrid vigor. Five varieties of cotton included Cocker-310, Dise, Macneer, Marsoomi-5 and Rabeaa-122 were crossed, during the season of 2010 using half diallil. The traits for 10 single crosses and 5 parents were tested during 2011 using RCBD design under split plot arrangement with three replications, irrigation treatments occupied main plot included irrigation weekly and at two weeks and sub plot included 15 genotypes. Significant differences were found among genotypes in all traits studied. The crosses cocker-310 X Rabee122 and Marsoomi5 X Rabee122 were gave highest positive hybrid vigor (22.06 and 21.94% respectively) in seed cotton yield in irrigation at two weeks. The cross Marsoomi5 X Macneer gave higher hybrid vigor in earliness (4.65%). The variances due to GCA and SCA were significant for traits studied accept no. of monopodia. This indicated that both additive and non-additive gene action were responsible for the investigated characters. The parent Macneer had highest GCA effect for seed cotton yield, no. of days to first open flower and no. of days to first open ball, the cross Cocker-310 X Rabee122 had highest SCA in seed cotton yield and cross Marsoomi5 X Rabee122 in earliness traits. It can be conclude that earliness traits were effected by non-additive gene action so can use hybridization following to selection to find early and high yield crosses.

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This study was carried out at Qlyasan location in Sulaimani region (Lat 35 º 34' 307''; N, long 45º 21' 992; E, 765 masl) for F3 generation of seven pea varieties (1-Avolla, 2-Americana, 3-Jeza, 4-Joneor, 5-Packland, 6-Arvena and 7-Samara). The seeds of 21 F3 crosses and their parents were sown in Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD).With three replicates. The results showed that the mean squares of genotypes, gca and sca were highly significant for seed weight plant-1 and most its important components. The parents Americana and Jeza recorded maximum values for all studied characters. The cross AvollaxAmericana recorded the highest value for seed weight plant-1 and pod weight plant-1. The cross AvollaxPackland had the highest value for heterosis due to seed weight plant-1 122.114% and whole plant weight 147.111%. The parent Americana recorded maximum positive gca effect value for seed weight plant-1 and some its components pod length, pod weight plant-1 and 100-seed weight. The crosses JezaxArvena recorded maximum positive sca effect value for seed weight plant-1, while the cross AvollaxArvena showed maximum positive sca effect value for pod length and pod plant-1. The average degree of dominance was more than one for all characters indicating to the importance of non additive gene effect in controlling the inheritance of these characters. Heritability in broad sense was high for seed weight plant-1 and some its components pods number plant-1, pod weight plant-1 and 100-seed weight, while it was low in narrow sense for all characters.

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Sex genotypes of pea crops (Iraq, Spanish, Dutch, Turkish, Italian and American) obtained from the General Authority for Agricultural Research , introduced in half diallel crosses. Planting parents in two dates 2016 for the purpose of hybridization, parents and hybrids (experience comparative) in 20/10/2017were planted in one of the farmers' fields in Ramadi local–Anbar province, at latitude 33.28º and longitude 43.33º. The right or near of the Alfurat River using the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and recorded data for traits yield and some other traits of the season 2017-2018. The results showed the presence of high significant differences between parents and their hybrids of the first generation and all traits. And that the general combining ability to specific combining ability were lower than one for traits number of leaves per plant, chlorophyll content and dry weight plant. While more than one for other traits. The results also showed significant effects on the general combining ability and the direction desired in the parent Dutch for five traits (number of leaves per plant, chlorophyll content, number of bods per plant, seeds yield, dry matter for plant). Parents Spanish and Italian three traits. Parents Iraqi, Turkish and American two traits. The results also showed a significant effects of the specific combining ability in the direction desired hybrid (Iraq × Dutch) the effects of SCA significant direction desirable for seven traits. Hybrids (Iraqi ×Turkish), (Iraqi×Italian), (Spanish×Dutch), (Spanish×Turkish) and (Turkish ×Dutch) the effects of SCA significant direction desirable for five traits. Hybrids (Iraqi×American), (Spanish×Italian), (Spanish×American), (Dutch ×Turkish) and (Dutch×Italian). The effects of SCA direction desirable for three traits . Hybrid (Iraqi×Spanish) the effects of SCA for one traits. It was observed that genotypes Turkish and American have similar response pattern based on minimum Euclidean. Genotypes Iraq and Spanish was found to be better in performance and should be involved in crosses based on maximum Euclidean values that express high level of genetic diversity. This can lead to give a high heterotic response and wider segregation after hybridization. This statistical technique can be a useful tool when other molecular techniques are not available

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