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The diabetes mellitus type one (T1DM) is considered as autoimmune disease due to the destruction of Langerhans beta cell, which is the insulin-producing cell as a result of the invasion by cells of the immune system with vital roles. There is evidence that interferone-γ IFN-γ is responsible for the T1DM disease developing, and so the transforming growth factor type beta ( TGF-β) was known as an important regulator of the immune response. Throughout of this study gain more understanding about the two cytokines role in this disease and the correlation between them to provide immunotherapeutic strategies for T1DM. A total of 35 with T1DM (19 female, 16 male), in addition to (15) healthy control subjects undertook the measurement of serum IFN-γ and TGF-β by ELISA technique. The result explains higher mean serum levels of IFN-γ (684.867 ± 246.23 pg/ml) were observed in the investigated patients compared to healthy control (11.75 ± 4.56 pg/ml). Whereas observed decline in the serum TGF-β (302.2± 65.43 pg/ml) as compared to healthy control (1153 ± 186.35 pg/ml) at the level (p<0.01), and so the result explained a significant negative correlation between TGF_β and INF_γ concentration (p<0.05). The conclusion is that T1DM patients were detected with a significantly increase in INF_γ and decrease TGF_β serum level, and they have the antagonistic effect on the T1DM development.

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Background: Odontogenisis is a complex process controlled by dynamic and reciprocal interactions that regulatedby various molecules. Thymosin β4 is a small bioactive peptide with wide spectrum biological effects on much celltypes. The present study was designed to highlight the effect of synthetic exogenous Tβ4 on developing dental tissueof the upper central teeth of rats, by histological examination and immunohistochemical evaluation of TGFβ1.Materials and method: Thirty six Albino Wister pregnant rat 18control group received intraperitoneal injection ofnormal saline and the others are experimental group received 50μg/300μl of Tβ4 injection. The animals weresacrificed at periods 16th and 18th day I.U.L and one day post natal, as six animals for each period. Histological andimmunohistochemical evaluation for expression of TGF β1 in dental tissue of upper central teeth of the rat were doneResults: In-vivo results showed that experimental group had accelerated stages of tooth development withacceleration in deposition of dental hard tissue (enamel and dentin) with high positive expression of TGF β1byenamel organ, dental papilla and dental sac cells.Conclusion: these data suggest synthetic exogenous Tβ4 act as bioactive initiator enhances tooth development bystimulating proliferation and differentiation of both epithelial and mesenchymalcells.

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Background: Recurrent aphthous ulcer is a chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa. Substance P has activity in the inflammatory response. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) as immune-modulators regulates the immune response and has anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory effects. Pistacia lentiscus (mastic) of Anacardiaceae family have pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and used in treatment of wound and repair. The aim of this study is to find the safety and efficacy of a new product mastic orabase; experimentally and clinically.Methods: This research studied two parts: first; experimentally for assessment of mastic orabase effects on rabbit dermal irritation, efficacy of mastic orabase on the induced ulceration, with histopathology of rabbits’ tissues, and safety: therapeutic index and safety factor. Second; clinical efficacy of mastic orabase on the healing of RAU by assessment of ulcer size reduction, inflammation, healing time, pain, saliva substance P and TGF-β levels in RAU patients, and monitoring for any adverse effects or adverse drug reactions.Results: Experimental study of topical mastic orabase treatment showed significant reduction of inflammation and ulcer size, healing time. Safety of mastic orabase was confirmed by no dermal irritation, no toxicity, and wide therapeutic index range. Clinical study showed reduction of inflammation, ulceration, healing in short time, pain was relieved from the first topical dose, and the anti-inflammatory activity of mastic orabase was confirmed by reduction of salivary substance P and TGF-β elevation.Conclusion: Mastic orabase showed dose-dependent efficacy in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulceration, short healing time. This may be related to effect of mastic orabase on proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators; substance P and TGF-β.

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Gastrointestinal cancers (GITs) are worldwide problem particularly in highly developed countries. In Iraq, gastric cancer(GC) is the 9th most common cancer while colorectal cancers (CRC) is considered as the 7th most common cancer among all cancer patients in both males and females. The Objective of this study was to estimate the serum level of transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β) in Iraqi patients who are complying from gastric and colorectal cancers. Fifty four serum samples were collected starting from the 1st of March till the mid of May of 2011 to investigate the TGF-β serum level by using ELISA technique. Thirty eight samples were gastric (H.pylori +ve) and colorectal cancer patients (GC=17, CRC=21) while the other 16 samples considered as a healthy control group. The results showed that TGF-β serum levels of both GIT tumors were increased significantly (p<0.05) compared to the healthy control group. In conclusion, the presented study showed elevated serum level of TGF-β in Gastric cancer patients which could point out to use this elevation as a biomarker for tumor prognosis; while in colorectal cancer it may evade the immune system cancer killing mechanisms. We recommend further studies concerning the correlation between serum level of TGF-β in Gastric cancer patients with staging and grading, and more immunological techniques can be implied to know the exact immunological evading mechanism of colorectal cancer cells.

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This study intends to evaluate the association between Transforming Growth Factor - Beta1(TGF-β1) SNP codon 25 and hypertension in holy Kerbala city, Iraq. A case control studyfor one hundred and four subjects. Seventy four hypertensive patients (23 male and 51female), already diagnosed with essential hypertension, and 30 control subjects (16 maleand 14 female). The links between genotype and hypertension were examined then possibleSNP related variances in the blood pressure were checked. The present study suggested thatthere is no significant association between transforming growth factor beta one (TGF-β1)and hypertension in its Iraqi population sample. However, there is a significant associationbetween Arginine (Arg25) and hypertension compared with control group clearly shown inthe male gender (p < 0.05). In this study, the associations between the SNP of TGF-β1codon 25 and hypertension was not significant while the SNP showed genotype-relateddifferences in gene allele (Arg25).

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Inhibins and activins are members of TGF-β superfamily associated with reproductive processes. The role of passive immunization against endogenous inhibin-α subunit on pituitary mRNA expression level of GH gene and immunohistochemical expression of somatptrophs during pregnancy and lactation in primiparous female Wister rats, has been examined in this study. Forty eight pregnant females were assigned to 2 groups (24 per each). On 5th and 10th day of gestation, control (C) was injected with saline (100μl, i.p.) and treated (INHA) was injected with inhibin-α antiserum (1µg in 100μl of saline, i.p.). Each group was allocated to 3 equal subgroups: pregnancy, delivery, and lactation, were sacrificed on day 16 of gestation, at parturition, and 11th day of lactation, respectively. At the end of each subgroup period, females were anesthetized, dissected and adenohypophysis was removed and kept at -70 Cº for molecular evaluation and others kept in formaline (10%) for immunohistochemistry. Pituitary GH gene expression levels in INHA group increased significantly compared with control in all periods. Expression of pituitary somatotrophs showed higher number of positive stained cells and intensity of staining in INHA group during pregnancy, delivery and lactation. In comparison between periods, in both groups, higher score has been shown at delivery, whereas lowest score recorded at lactation. In conclusion, passive immunization against inhibin-α subunit at 5th and 10th day of pregnancy, perform potent role in GH secretion in primiparous female Wister rats.

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Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced in some grains (mainly corn) by Fusarium species. Due to a structural similarity between FB1 and sphinganine, sphingolipids metabolism is inhibited. Such inhibition plays a critical role in cell to cell singling and structure of lipoprotein; therefore FB1 has been suggested to have a relationship with human and animal cancer. This research is planned to study the effect of FB1 on male mice at two doses (20 and 30 μg/ ml) on the expression of TGF-β1 and p16 in liver cells. Three groups of Swiss albino male mice; each group was orally administrated with FB1 toxin as the following: normal saline (control group); 20 and 30 μg/ ml. All groups were sacrificed after two weeks of oral management. Liver samples were collected and prepared for immunohistochemistry technique (IHC) using anti-TGF-β1 and anti-p16 antibodies. The results showed that exposure to FB1 caused significant elevation of TGF-β1 in both doses (76.74 ± 2.387% and 80.62 ± 7.277%, respectively) in comparison with the control group (46.79 ± 2.404%). The level of p16 protein was decreased at 20 μg/ml (76.63 ± 2.349%) and then increased at 30 μg/ml (81.25 ± 6.263%) but the expression was lower than that of control (90.00 ± 0.805%). In conclusion, FB1 has a significant effect on TGF-β1 and p16 protein expression at both doses (20 and 30 μg/ml), and therefore, its role in cancer development is suggested.

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