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This experiment is a trail to use an attenuated Leishmania donovani promatigote as a mean for protection the hamsters against visceral leishmniasis. By subculturing the promastigotes from 1-18 times in NNN media, it was found that subcultures 16, 17 ,18 were effective in protecting the hamsters against challenge dose of the parasites.

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Leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in Iraq, where both forms of the disease, cutaneous and visceral, are found. The effect of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with mean particle size less than 100 nanometer (nm) on viability and growth rate of Leishmania donovani promastigotes was evaluated. The anti-leishmanial activity of different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 µg/ml) of ZnO NPs was investigated on promastigotes growth rates and viability in comparison to promastigotes exposed to the same concentrations of sodium stibogluconate (Sb) (pentostam).The inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of ZnO NPs were calculated after 24 , 48 and 72 hr which were (0.871, 0.156 and 0.120 µg/ml) respectively with significant (p< 0.05) differences between them ,while the IC50 of pentostam cannot calculated because more than 50% of parasites number remained viable after 24 ,48 and 72hr.The IC50s also calculated on the viability results to determine the most effective concentrations. They were 0.434, 0.361 and 0.182 µg/ml for promastigotes exposed to ZnO NPs after 24, 48 and 72hr respectively, while the same concentrations of Sb in the same periods didn't revealed the IC50s. The results concluded that ZnO NPs affect on the growth rate and viability of L. donovani promastigotes by dose and time-depended manner in vitro condition.

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The present study includes a comparative study among 3 governorates concerning the dipstick rk39 test. Ninety suspected cases of VL were collected from admitted patients to Basrah, Maysan and Thi-Qar hospitals based on the clinical features (sings and symptoms). These 90 cases were: (30 suspected cases collected from Basrah General Hospital and Basrah Maternity and children Hospital in Basrah governorate, 30 suspected cases collected from Al-Sadr General Hospital in Maysan governorate and 30 suspected cases collected from Bint-Al-Huda Hospital in Thi-Qar governorate). The positive cases with dipstick rk39 test out of 90 suspected cases of VL were 76(84.44%) as follows: (24(80%) in Basrah hospitals, 27(90%) in Maysan hospital and 25(83.33%) in Thi-Qar hospital), 52(68.42%) male and 24(31.57%) female. Statistically, there are no significant differences p>0.05 among 3 governorates by utilized dipstick rk39 test.

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The dipstick test was evaluated for sero-diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. We compared two types of dipstick (rKE16, rK39) tests . The sensitivity of both tests were determined using sera from fifty-two children suspected of having visceral leishmaniasis and thirty healthy children as a control group collected from Central Teaching Hospital of Pediatric in Baghdad. Fifty (96.15%) cases were confirmed to have infection by rKE16 dipstick test while, fourty-six (88.46%) cases were positive by rK39 dipstick test. Non of the sample taken from healthy control showed reactivity in any of these tests. The study indicated that rKE16 test had better sensitivity than rK39 in the diagnosis of VL(100%) ,(92 %) respectively.

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This study aimed to measure the alterations in serum zinc (Zn) and acute phase proteins ( C-reactive protein and Ceruloplasmin) concentrations in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). A total of 62 individuals were enrolled in this study : 52 individuals were infected with visceral leishmaniasis and 10 individuals as healthy control. Serum zinc levels were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in patient group(76.25 ± 4.59 µg/dl ) when compared with healthy control (103.75 ± 3.77 µg/dl ) . C-reactive protein , as a mediator of innate immunity, removed damaged cells by activating the classical complement pathway revealed elevated levels in patients (4.36± 0.23mg/l ) when compared with the healthy control (2.50 ± 0.28mg/l ). The level of Ceruloplasmin was also significantly (p<0.05) increased in VL patients (0.82±0.05 mg/dl) as compred with healthy subjects (0.43±0.03mg/dl). These results showed that serum essential trace elements Zn, C-reactive protein and ceruloplasmin concentrations have been changed in VL patients. This may be a part of defense strategies of organism

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Fourteen thousand, five hundred and two sera of patients from sixteen governorates in Iraq ,suspected to be parasitized by Leishmania donovani, have been tested during the period January 2000 to December 2002, by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) using a leptomonad antigen. A total of 5558(38.5%) cases of them were found positive for IFAT for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The most common age group infected with VL was between 1- 5 years; they represented 5390 (96.97 %). The highest ratio of VL infections was in February and January; they represented 510 positive cases in February 2000, 417 in January 2001 and 513 in February 2002. It was seems that Wasit governorate had the highest percentage of infections; it was 35 %, 29.6 % and 33 % in 2000, 2001 and 2002 respectively, then it follows by Diala, Babil and Baghdad governorates

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Abstract:The study included 30 serum samples from people (age: 1-12 years) suffering fromvisceral leishmaniasis (Leishmania donovani) infection, which were collected from theCentral Health Laboratories, and a similar number of healthy controls.The serum level of total protein, albumin and globulin was measured, and fractions ofglobulin (alpha 1 globulin, alpha 2 globulin, beta globulin, gamma globulin) were alsoanalyzed.The results showed a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in total protein of patients (82.27vs. 57.75 g/L), as compared with controls, while there was a non-significant decrease in thelevel of albumin (30.63 vs. 31.66 g/L). A similar significant increased level of globulin wasalso observed in patients (51.63 vs. 24.83 g/L), and the fractions of globulin (alpha 1 globulin,alpha 2 globulin, beta globulin, gamma globulin) were similarly increased (6.01, 13.20, 10.37,21.64 vs. 3.74, 6.63, 7.06, 7.50 g/L, respectively).Accordingly, the albumin:globulin ratio was decreased in patients as compared withcontrols (0.62 vs. 1.20).

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The objective of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of rK39, ELISA and IFA tests for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis using blood samples. Samples were collected from 146 suspected patients and 30 healthy individual as control. The results showed 52 (35.62%), 58 (39.73%) and 71 (48.64%) positive samples by rK39, ELISA and IFA , respectively. IFA test showed a higher sensitivity (48.63%) than ELISA and rk39 dip stick (39.72%) and (35.61%) respectively. The highest sensitivity of agreement (K: 0.912) was found between rK39 dipstick and ELISA. Therefore, we suggest the application of rK39 dipstick and ELISA methods in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis for early and accurate diagnosis of this disease.

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Leishmania parasite preferentially infect host phagocytic cells, primarily dendritic cells and macrophages. One of the main problems with Leishmania infections is the capability of these parasites to evade and subvert immune responses of the host. Leishmaniasis is treated with a small arsenal of drugs; all of them have disadvantages in terms of efficacy, high price, toxicity or treatment regimen. In this study, the effect of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was evaluated against intracellular amastigotes Leishmania donovani in vitro conditions. The effect of different concentrations from ZnO NPs (0.18, 0.37, 0.75 and 1.5 μg / ml) was used to study on the viability of amastigotes and macrophages “following infection" using the colorimetric (MTT) assay. The results have been shown that the ZnO NPs have a cytotoxic effect on the proliferation of the amastigotes forms and have no effect. The IC50 of ZnO NPs on amastigotes was (0.610 µg/ ml). This study concluded that the used concentrations of ZnO NPs have the ability to stimulate macrophages activity and promote the suppressive effects on L. donovani intracellular amastigotes in vitro following infection. These results may contribute to the production of an effective, non-toxic and cheap drug against Leishmania parasites

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