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Saving energy or energy consumption represents the essential problem in the process of designing, deploying and operating any "wireless sensor networks" (WSN). Most of the available produced sensors depend on a "limited power supply" battery in all their operations. Most of the sensors can perform the process of sensing, "data processing" and "wireless communication". Sensors can achieve various duties in WSNs according to their wanted applications.In most applications sensors are ordered into sets called clusters according to the network objective and its requirements. Clustering achieved many advantages, so it represents the first preferable approach in designing or improving any WSN. Each cluster includes one leader sensor node known as a "cluster head" (CH) and the other sensors known as member nodes. In most applications the sensor node with higher energy is preferred to be a CH to perform the process of data transmission and data processing while those with low energy are preferred to achieve the sensing task as cluster members. Simulation being the unique tool in evaluating and estimating the performance metrics of any new designed WSN.In this study, a main effort is made to study the effect of clustering approaches on the WSNs consumed energy. Many clustering approaches is simulated and evaluated with a developed suggested clustering approach. Three approaches were suggested, built and simulated to estimate the WSNs lifetime with their important behaviors parameters. Net Logo (5.2.1) as "multi-agent programming language" is suggested to be the simulation tool in this study.

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Enabling (Wireless Sensor Network) WSN to efficiently handling complex functions needs judicious design for the network routing protocol. Heterogeneous network was proved to be outperforming homogenous network in terms of life time. In this work, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was employed to optimize the parameters that govern the heterogeneity levels ( initial energy, number of advance and intermediate nodes,….) in order to increase network stability and life time under the constraint of the cost materialized by the overall network initial energy. The proposed algorithm simulation was tested for two and three levels of heterogeneity and for two scenarios; fixed network nodes density and fixed node initial energy. The optimization results show that, the maximum network stability was achieved by increasing the nodes' initial energy to (0.6J), even that was at the cost of decreasing the number of network nodes to (61) nodes only. On the other hand, longest network life time equals to (6357) rounds can be verified when configuring some nodes in two heterogeneity levels with the maximum bound of extra energy level proposed in this work. A significant enhancement especially in network life time is noticed compared to previous protocols under the same constraints. 65% and 101% of life time are achieved for first and second scenario respectively comparing to un-optimized SEP protocol, while 68% and 24% of life time are achieved for first and second scenario respectively comparing to un-optimized SEP-E protocol.

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In the city of Basrah, there is an urgent need to use the water for irrigation process more efficiently for many reasons: one of them, the high temperature in long summer season and the other is the lack of sources fresh water sources. In this work, a smart irrigation system based wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is implemented. This system consists of the main unit that represented by an Arduino Uno board which include an ATmega328 microcontroller, different sensors as moisture sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, XBee modules and solenoid valve. Zigbee technology is used in this project for implementing wireless technology. This system has two modes one manual mode, the other is a smart mode. The set points must be changed manually according to the specified season to satisfy the given conditions for the property irrigation, and the smart operation of the system will be according to these set points.

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Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN) are used in many application areas such as industrial and civilian. Sensors will be shared by multiple applications to collect several types of data. Not all data be equivalence in the important, some data may be more important than other so loss this data may cause problems . Packet losses and retransmissions resulting from congestion and cause loss important data and decrease the lifetime of sensor nodes. This problem need for control to reduce the loss data, energy consuming and etc. The main aim of this paper is to discuss how can use genetic algorithm(GA) to optimize the parameters that can affect on congestion in WSN and then evaluate the performance of network used AODV,DSDV,DSR and NOAH routing protocols by using NS-2 simulator.

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This paper presents a designed and implemented Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) based on Arduino and IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee standards. This network consists offour end nodes; each one is connected to an individual type of sensors (lighting, temperature, motion, and distance) to form a safety network for building offices, factories, homes…etc. Also there is a fifth node in this network to collect the information from each node and send it to the base station which is a computer to be process the data and take the appropriate decision according to the program established by the user. Results confirmed that the network performs its functions with high efficiency and gave accurate readings of the surrounding circumstances. Stable reading of temperature and lighting had been achieved in the implemented network. Also, the motion and distance sensors gave good results depending onthe presence ofobjectsclose tothemore peoplemovingnear. In addition, the network is characterized by high flexibility and ease of programing that can be used to give various applications such aswarning of fire by setting a threshold level of temperature to enable an alarm when exceeding such level. It can also be used to preventtheftsbydetectingmovements ofthe humanbody with distance sensor. Inaddition, other uses can be implemented such as controlling heating and lightingdevicesin homes andotherbuildings.

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In the last few years, a mobile wireless sensor and its application in wireless sensor network (WSN) are commonly used. Localization of a mobile sensor node is considered a critical issue in some WSN applications. In this paper, an outdoor environments experiment was carried out to measure the distance between the mobile node and the coordinator node in a simple point-to-point ZigBee WSN. The distance was determined based on the measured Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) of the mobile node by the coordinator node. In addition, a Log-Normal Shadowing Model (LNSM) was derived for outdoor condition. Moreover, the parameters of the propagation channel such as standard deviation and a path loss exponent were estimated. The RSSI was measured and analysed for outdoor environments for a distance range 1-100 m. The measurements were carried out by using 2.4 GHz ZigBee wireless protocol based on XBee series 2 modules. The results disclosed that the mean absolute error (MAE) of 3.44 and 6.72 m for a distance range 0-65 m and 0-100 m, respectively. These results point that the LNSM is only suited for short distance.

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This paper evaluates the performance of IEEE 802.15.4 standard Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in star topology small scale applications. The performance of the network is analyzed in terms of end to end delay, maximum throughput and number of network devices with respect to payload. This analysis which is devoted for biomedical application is performed theoretically and compared with practical analysis using the network simulator Opnet modeler (version 14.5) in order to validate theoretical analysis.

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The oil export industry dominates the economy of the world and itdepends heavily on oil pipelines. Exposed pipelines are prone to malfunctioningdue to intentional or unintentional tampering and vandalism, which is usuallycaused by damaging form of either knocking or drilling. Continuous structurehealth monitoring (SHM) of pipelines using conventional methods is difficultand expensive due to the extensive length of the pipelines and the harshenvironment. Recent development in printed electronic circuits andmicrocontrollers open new possibilities in the field of monitoring and haveproven their practicality in vibration monitoring process. This paper presents amonitoring system for pipeline heal of the structure based on the wirelesssensor network. The system senses the pipeline vibration and relays the data toa base station for the procession. A WSN consists of three nodes is designed andimplemented. Each node is built around 32-bit ARM core microcontroller, andequipped with an accelerometer to measure the pipeline vibration. Themeasurements of each sensor are collected wirelessly through ZigBee protocolto a base station. Results on a 2 m pipeline sample show the ability of thesystem to precisely detect damaging events e.g. knocking and drilling to thepipeline.

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AbstractRecently, the technology has been developed and wireless networks have received greatinterest in drawing the world's attention to the family. Wireless sensor networks are a set of sensornodes specific resources that collaboratively working on the transfer or follow differentphenomena(Chemical and physical) such as (sound, heat ... etc) and then transmit the informationmonitored wirelessly by connecting sensor nodes with each other until they reach the base station.There are two types of building mechanisms for wireless sensor network (WSN);structure-based andstructure-free. The first is suffering from many problems which can be overcome when dealing withthe other type. Most of the environments that deal with wireless sensor networks are difficult toreach and dangerous. Therefore, they are subject to many security breaches. These violations canlead to severe consequences and difficult to deal with in case they occur. Therefore, security must beprovided through the network in one way or another taking into account that achieving securitythrough the network is not easy because of the resources identified, especially as the security is themain issue and the first in many applications.In this paper, the structure-free typeis applied and in order to achieve security, data transmittedthrough the network is encrypted using the Elliptic Curves Diffie-Hellman(ECDH) and the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman(RSA) algorithms.Simulation results demonstrate that the power consumption of thestructure-free wireless sensor network with data encrypted by ECDH and RSAalgorithms.The resultsshow that the power consumption by ECDH algorithm is better that RSA type with nearly 13%.

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Using wireless sensor network technology in structure health monitoring applications results in generating large amount of data. To sift through this data and extract useful information an extensive data analysis should be applied. In this paper, a Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs) is proposed for the oil pipeline monitoring system with proposed method for event detection and classification. The method depends on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). It applied to features extracted from vibration signals of the monitored pipeline. These vibration signals are collected while applying damage events (knocking and drilling) to the oil pipeline. PCA is applied to features extracted from both time domain and frequency domain. The results manifest that this method is able to detect the existence of damage and also to distinguish between the different levels of harmful events applied to the pipeline.

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