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Caries removal by the Chemo-mechanical technique involves the application of chemical agents, to cause a selective softening of the carious dentine and facilitate removal by gentle excavation. Carisolv is one such new chemical agent used in this minimal invasive technique of carious dentine removal. The aims of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Carisolv in the chemo-mechanical removal of carious dentine in primary teeth, the time taken for caries removal and to evaluate the restorations radiographically. Forty primary 1st and 2nd molars with dentinal carious lesions were excavated using this technique of caries removal. After isolation of the involved tooth, the Carisolv " new gel" marketed by Mediteam Dental AB (Goteborg, Sweden) was applied then the superficial softened carious dentine was gently excavated and scraped using a spoon excavator, the procedure repeated until the cavity was free from caries and the cavity was checked for remaining caries using an explorer. The time taken for the removal of carious dentine, beginning from the application of the gel until the completion of the procedure was evaluated using a stopwatch. After the placement of the restoration an intra-oral periapical radiograph was taken for immediate evaluation and after a period of six months, the longevity of the restorations and the presence of secondary caries at the restoration- dentine interface were evaluated radiographically. The statistical analysis of the results showed that the soft carious dentine was removed more effectively than the hard carious dentine and the removal of the soft carious dentine required a shorter period of time (4.96±0.99) minutes when compared to the removal of hard carious dentine (6.09±1.04) minutes and on radiographic evaluation of the restoration, none of the treated lesions showed the presence of secondary caries. In conclusion, the chemico-mechanical caries removal technique using Carisolv proved to be an effective atraumatic treatment modality with potential interest for use in clinical pediatric dentistry.

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Background: Salivary immunoglobulin IgA plays an essential role in the immune response against dental caries. Thisstudywas conducted to compare the salivary IgA levels and flow rate of stimulated saliva in caries active and cariesfree children.Materials and methods: The present study included sixty healthy children age 7-10 yearswho were divided into twogroups. They were caries free and caries active children (30 children in each group). Assessment and recording ofcaries – experience were through the application of Decayed, Missing and Filled Tooth Index (DMFT) and (dmft)index, for permanent and deciduous teeth respectively. After dental examination, stimulated saliva samples werecollected from the subjects and performed under standard condition following instruction cited by Tenovuo andLagerlof, and chemically analyzed for the detection of salivary immunoglobulin (IgA).In addition, salivary flow rate forthe children were evaluated. Data was then statistically analyzed using SPSSversion 18.Results: Salivary IgA levels were significantly higher in caries free children than caries active children and the flow ratewere lower in caries active children in both gender as compared to caries free children.Conclusions: Within the limitation of this study, it can be concluded that that the flow rate and salivary IgA levels ofthe whole stimulated saliva have some role in protection against dental caries

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To examine the efficacy of chemo–mechanical dentin removal method in vitro. Material and Methods: Forty eight extracted permanent teeth with occlusal caries. The dentin caries of each tooth was removed either with chemo–mechanical method using Carisolv™ or mechanically using round bur. Cutting and caries removal monitored by checking the hardness of dentin with a dental explorer and stopped when teeth in each group showed either a leather hard texture or a sharp scratching sound was heard. The caries activity of the remaining dentin was assessed by using an acid red as a caries indicator. The mean surface areas of the pink zone (caries active, pH <5.5) and yellow zone (caries inactive, pH >5.5), of each caries lesion was calculated using AutoCAD computer software. Result: Revealed that for teeth treated with Carisolv,™ the surface area of remaining carious dentin was significantly more when it compared with teeth that treated mechanically in each group, using unpaired t– test regardless of the clinical criterion for caries removal. Conclusion: Carisolv™ is effective in caries removal when used as chemomechanical caries removal than conventional mechanical method and the mean surface areas of remaining affected carious dentin was more in chemomechanical than conventional mechanical meaning that more tooth structure is preserved using chemomechanical method.

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Background: Smoking has many harmful effects on the body. The aim of this studyis to investigate the effect of cigarettes smoking on count of lactobacilli ,the dental caries, and salivary factors.Subjects and Methods: 15 male smokers and 15 male non-smokers aged(24-29) years were chosen from post graduate students in College of Dentistry, they were interviewed about smoking behavior.Stimulated salivary sample was analyzed for lactobacilli count ,salivary flow rate and salivary pH was determined.Results: Measurment of dental caries was expressed by DMFT/DMFS.Results There was a significant relation between lactobacilli and DMFT/DMFS in smokers group with no significant differences concerning salivary flow rate and salivary pH between the two groups .Conclusion: Long term use of tobacco smoking affect the dental caries but not the salivary flow rate or salivary pH

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Background: Chemo mechanical caries removal systems has been discussed as an alternative to conventional caries removal. This study assesses the efficacy of a chemo- mechanical caries removal technique in caries removal.Material and methods: Forty five decayed extracted human teeth were used in the present study. After initial opening through the enamel, different concentrations of the chemo-mechanical caries removal solution were placed in the cavity and excavation of the caries was performed.Results: After probing and visual inspection, with the use of the DIAGNOdent caries detecting device, and after histological examination, the concentrations of 0.5% and 0.7% were shown to be equally effective in removal of caries and more potent than the 0.2% concentration.Conclusion: 0.5 % concentration of the manufactured chemo- mechanical caries removal is the optimal concentration that can be used in dentinal caries removal.

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Background: Chemo mechanical caries removal systems have been discussed as an alternative to conventional caries removal. This study examines the effect of the chemo- mechanical caries removal material on the human pup.Material and methods: Forty eight maxillary first premolars from twenty four patient ( 18 male and 6 male) were studied and selected from patients need orthodontic treatment .class V cavity was done in each tooth and the material put inside the cavity for 20 sec, the extraction procedure done after 20minutes, 24 hours and 4 days .Results: The histological examination of 0.5 % Chemo-mechanical caries removal at the three periods showed that there is no significant effect on the pulp of the tooth.Conclusion: 0.5 % concentration of the manufactured chemo- mechanical caries removal can be used in dentinal caries removal safely with out any adverse effect on the pulp

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dental caries survey was conducted concerning 6-9 years old children in two different social areas in the city of Baghdad.The total sample composed of 180 (90 males and 90 females). Purpose of this study included the estimation of the prevalence of dental caries and its association with the socioeconomic background of children.Results showed that for the primary dentition dmfs and dmft values were higher for males aged 6-7 and 7-8 years in high socioeconomic class (7.8 & 4.2 , 9.7 & 4.7) than in low socioeconomic class (6.7 & 3.9 ,7.2 & 3.2) with statistically no significant differences ( p> 0.05). For children aged 8-9 years in low socioeconomic area the values were higher compared with those in high socioeconomic area for both sexes.For the permanent dentition the high social class showed higher prevalence of dental caries compared with their lower social class counter parts except females aged 8-9 years with low socioeconomic status recorded higher DMFS and DMFT values ( 2.66 & 2.6) compared to those in high socioeconomic (2.6 & 1.8), while the relation was not significant ( p>0.05).Generally the present study showed that the prevalence of dental caries for primary teeth was higher among children with low social class (dmfs & dmft) than those with high social class, while the results were reversed for the permanent teeth.

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Magnesium is one of the major cations in plant and animal tissues and is anessential constituent of the bone and tissue, as well as the body fluids. Concentrationsof most electrolytes in saliva are subjected to considerable alteration. The aim of thisstudy was to investigate the salivary magnesium in relation to dental caries. A sampleof 46 adults was involved with age range of 20-45 years. Samples of stimulated salivawere collected and prepared to be analyzed for magnesium estimation using atomicabsorption spectrophotometer. Clinical examination was done for dental caries usingWHO criteria. The salivary magnesium concentration was 0.38mg/dl. Neither the sex,nor the age influenced the concentration of magnesium in supernatant stimulatedsaliva. Negative correlations were found between salivary magnesium and age,salivary flow rate, while, a positive correlation was recorded with dental caries. Allthese associations were not proved to be significant (P<0.05). Further investigationshould be done on whole saliva to clarify the association between magnesium anddental caries. The magnesium relation with the other elements must be considered.

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Background: Obesity is a serious public health concern that has reached epidemic proportions; the prevalence, aswell as the severity of obesity in adolescents is increasing at an alarming rate. A close relationship was foundbetween weight status and dental caries. Thus this research aimed to assess the prevalence and severity of dentalcaries among overweight adolescent females in relation to physicochemical characteristics of stimulated wholesaliva in comparison with normal weight adolescent females.Materials and methods: The total sample involved for nutritional status assessment is composed of 2678 females aged13-15 years. This was performed using Body Mass Index specific for age and gender according to CDC growth chart(2000). The diagnosis and recording of dental caries was by using Decay, Missing, Filled surface index (DMFs); andaccording to the criteria of Manji et al (1989). Salivary samples were collected from 30 overweight females and theircontrol under standardized conditions and then analyzed for measuring salivary flow rate and viscosity, in addition toestimation essential elements (zinc, copper, calcium, iron, and total protein).Results: The caries experience among the overweight females was lower than that among the normal weight withnon significant difference. Salivary analysis demonstrated that the salivary flow rate was non significantly higheramong overweight females. The viscosity of saliva was having an equal value among both groups. The data analysisof salivary elements found that the zinc and copper concentrations were highly significant higher among theoverweight females than that among the normal weight. The opposite result found concerning salivary calcium levelwith also highly significant difference; while the iron and total protein were non significantly lower among theoverweight females. DMFs and its grades correlated negatively weak with salivary flow rate among overweightfemales; while concerning salivary viscosity, the correlation was direct weak with DMFs. Salivary copper, calcium andtotal protein showed an inverse correlation with dental caries.Conclusion: The results of the current research revealed that overweight affect the caries experience. Several ofsalivary factors that found to be higher among the overweight females might play a role in protection of teeth fromdental caries

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