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A field experiment was conducted in the field of Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad during three spring seasons(2000,2001 and 2002). The objective was to evalute 10 varieties of tomatoes and their hybrids.The ten varieties of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill[1]دSuper strrain (2) Castel rock (3) IPA1008 (4) Hind (5)Shahad (6) Imperial (7) Imperial select (8) Red cloud (9)Amreia 56 (10) Super regina] were crossed in all possible combinations including reciprocal, using Griffing method 1. The traits for crosses; parents and commercial hybrid (Sun 6108) were tested in furrow irrigated field ( 2001) and under dripping irrigation system (2002) using partially balanced Triple Lattice Design with three replications. The hybrids(54) significantly higher in plant height While the hybrid (106) was significantly higher in the no. of leaves, leaf area, no. of inflorescences/plant. The hybrids(6×2) and (9×4) produced higher fruit set percentage (89.2 and 70.19 %). Hybrids(1 × 4) and (97×) showed earliness for flowering . The degree of dominance of hybrids was variable depending on studied character and growth season. Broad-sense heritability ranged from high to medium for all studied characteristiss Narrow-sense heritability was height in date of flowering and plant hieght for both seasons.

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Five inbred lines of maize: ZP-707, ZP-670, ZM 7, ZP and ZM-47W.were used in a half diallel crosses program, the genotypes (5 inbred lines + 10 hybrids) were planted in the fields of the College of Agriculture and Forestry / university of Mosul in the autumn season 2013 by using randomized complete block design with three replications The characters studied were number of days to silk and tassel flowering ,plant height , height of main ear(cm), number of leaves over the main ear, number of leaves for plant ,leaf area(cm2),ear diameter(cm),ear length (cm), number of rows/ear, number of grain/ear,100-grain weight and plant grain yield (gm). The results showed additive variance differed from zero to the plant height, the height of the main ear, leaf area(cm), number of grain/ear, 100-grain weight, and plant grain yield (gm). The dominance variance differed from zero for all studied traits. (ZM7 × ZP-707) which gave heterosis (based on deviation of hybrids from mid parents and from best parents) for the character of number of days for tassel flowering, Plant height, number of leaves for plant, leaf area(cm2), number of grain/ear, weight of 100 grains (g) and plant grain yield (gm). The degree of dominance was greater than one for most traits.

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Forty nine genotypes of okra including seven parents and their 42 hybrids were tested by using randomized complete block design with three replicates for testing of heterosis, gene action and heritability, these genotypes were crossed in all possible combinations (Full Diallel Cross) during 2011 and 2012 seasons in the vegetable field , Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture and forestry, Mosul University. The result of statistical analysis showed that F1's exhibited significant heterosis for all characters . The hybrid(7×4) gave the negative value for number of days to flowering (-15.33) . The hybrid(5×7) gave the highest heterotic value for the number of flowering and number of fruit per plant and total yield and early yield (92.53),(92.33), (2.18), (46.70) respectively. The hybrid (3×4) gave the highest value for the fruit length (1,38) , the hybrid showed(×26) stem highest value for the fruit diameter and the hybrid(2×6)gave the highest value for the early yield (2.75) . The hybrid(2×1) ,(5×1) showed highest value for the number of seed / fruit and total seed yield (15.33) ,(9.23) respectively . A significant additive genetic variance was show for the number of flowering and number of fruit per plant , early yield, total seed yield and total yield . Broad and narrow sense heritability were high for the number of flowering and number of fruit per plant , early yield and total yield which indicate additive gene action for these characters . Average degree dominance was greater than one for number of days to flowering, number of flowering and number of fruit per plant, total yield, early yield, seed number, total seed yield and fruit weight , indicating over dominance control of these traits .

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Five inbred lines of maize IK8, W 13 R, ZM 7, ZP, ZM 47 W were used in half diallel crosses accorded to Griffing methods 1956 fixed model study the combining ability Genotype (5 parent +10 Hybrid) in the field of college of agriculture and forests in autumn season, 2013 using R.C.B.D. Design in three replication the characters studied were: number of days to silk and tassel flowering ,plant height, ear diameter, ear length ,number of rows in ear, number of grains in ear,100-grain weight and plant grain yield. Mean squares for general and specific combining abilities were significant for all characters except for plant height which was not Significant for general combining ability. The ratio of the components for the general &specific combining abilities was less than one for all the characters. The inbred line ZP was better than others in its general combining ability effect for number of days to tassel flowering, ear diameter, ear length, number of grains in ear,100-grain weight, The cross (ZM 47 W × W 13 R) exhibited significant specific combining ability effect in desired direction for number of days to tassel and silk flowering, , ear diameter, ear length ,number of grains in ear,100-grain weight.

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Five inbred lines of maize were used in half diallel crosses to study the combining ability for the characters: height of main ear, number of leaves over the main ear, number of leaves for plant, leaf area, number of grains/ear, grain weight and plant grain yield.The parents and their F1 crosses were planted by using randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were analyzed according to Griffing analysis (1956), method-2, fixed model. Mean squares for general and specific combining abilities were significant at 1% for all characters.The ratio of the components for General and Specific combining abilities was less than one for all the characters.The inbred line ZP was better than others in its general combining ability effect for four characters height of main ear, number of leaves over the main ear, number of leaves for plant and grain weight ,The crosses (DK-17×ZM 7), (DK-17×ZM 47 W), (ZM 7×ZP) and (ZM7 × ZM47 W) exhibited significant specific combining ability effect in desired direction for the characters height of main ear, number of leaves over the main ear , number of leaves for plant , grain weight and plant grain yield (gm).

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A field trial was carried out on the Field Crops Research Station of State board of Agricultural Research Abu-Ghraib. Five inbred lines of maize were used in this study using full diallel cross in spring season in 2008 to produce twenty F1 crosses. Seed crosses were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replicates in fall season 2008. The objective of this study was to identify and select superior maize inbred lines based on their performance as well as to evaluate their single-cropss hybrid performance based on results of analysis of combining ability, gene action and estimation of some genetic parameters using the approach of Griffing (1956b) the third method with fixed model. The results of statistical analysis showed that there were highly significant differences among crosses for all the studied traits except the number of ears/ plant was not significant. Results of genetic analysis showed that the MSgca, MSsca, and MSrca, were high significant in all studied characters except for number of rows/ ear in (GCA) and for days to 50% silking and number of rows/ ear were not significant added for ear length was significant in (RCA). Indicating the importance of both additive and non additive gene action in the control of these characters. The inbred line AGR11 was found as the best general combiner for ear length (0.813), rows number (0.200), number of grains/ row(2.36) and grains yield/ plant(9.58). The best cross (AGR3 x AGR21) and (AGR11 x AGR21). These crosses showed good positive (SCA) effects along with better mean performance (40.9, 196.8) and (41.9, 171.8) respectively for grain yield per plant, and most of the traits. The ratio of (δ²gca) to the (δ²sca) and (δ²rca) was less than 1.0 in all studied characters, except for ear length, number of grains / row and grains yield which was more than 1.0 in reciprocal crosses. The values of dominance genetic variance were more than that additive genetic variance for all characters in diallel crosses, while the values of additive genetic variance were more than that dominance genetic variance except for the ear height, leaf area and number of rows per ear for all charscters in reciprocal crosses. This reflects the exceeded one for the value of average dominance degree for all studied characters in both diallel and reciprocal crosses except for days to 50% silking, ear length, number of grains/ row and grains yield/ plant in reciprocal crosses which was less than 1.0. As for broad sense heritability it was high for all studied characters in both diallel and reciprocal crosses except for days to 50% silking, number of rows/ ear and grains yield/ plant which were low in reciprocal crosses, but narrow sense heritability was low for all studied characters in diallel crosses while it was heigh for most of the traits in reciprocal crosses. The results indicate that some inbred lines could be used in a breeding program to develop new versions of high yield per plant and SCA to produce better grain yield hybrids, and most studied traits were under over dominance gene action. This showed that developing elite hybrids were the best method for improving maize grain yield.

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Half diallel cross was carried out among six inbred lines of maize in spring season (2004), autumn season (2004) acomparison experiment was carried.The experiment was designed according to (R.C.B.D.) with three replications to determine general and specific compining ability effects and gene action. Significant differences were found among parental and their crosses for all characters. The parents were generally combined in desirable direction for several characters. Variance of genral and specific combining abilities were significantly different for all than characters. The highest Sca effects were expressed in HS × W17 for grain yield. Dominance genetic variance was higher the additive genetic variance for all characters. The broad – sense heritability values were ranged between (33.33%) for ear diameter to (91.3%) for grain yield / plant while narrow – sense heritability value were ranged between (10.34%) for grain yield/plant to (33%) for leaf area. The average degree of dominance was higher than one for all the characters which revealed the over - dominance.

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A nine parents diallel of upland cotton was planted in a randomized complete block design with three replication. Data collected from the diallel where used to estimate genetic parameters to exploiting of the gene action according as (Hayman,1954) method and finding intercept of unit slope line and the Vxi values corresponding to two points were parabola is cut by this regression line and dividing the distance between those points in to four equal parts are investigated and estimated the exact amount of dominant and recessive genes for each parent was introduced. The results showed that mean square of genotypes highly significant for all traits . The dominant genetic variance was more important than additive one , average degree of dominance was greater than one for all studied characters . The values KDKR indicate to increase of dominant gene in the parent, and the value of pq was decreased 0.25 that show unregulated distribution for alleles . Heritability was arranged from 14% for seed cotton yield to 22% for boll weight .the Lachata parent was showed highly amount of dominant genes 81.11% for boll weight ,86.32% for number of bolls per plant and 88.18% for seed cotton yield. This results also revealed Lachata variety exceeded on for all studied varieties in seed cotton yield 116.8 gplant , boll weight 4.6 g and number of boll per plant 27.8 .

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Six self-fertilized generations (P1, P2, F2, F3, B1S and B2S) of two crosses in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.), the first cross between Azeghar-1 and Um-Rabie-5 and the second cross between Leeds and Waha, were used to study gene action for the traits, heading time, flag leaf venation, plant height, peduncle length, number of spikes, spike length, grain yield, 100 grains weight and number of grains per spike. Two models were used in analyzing the components of the generation means, three –parameter model and six-parameter model. The results from the generation mean analysis showed that the three- parameter model was adequate for the inheritance of spike length and weight of 100 grains in the both crosses and number of spikes per plant in the second cross but there were additive, dominance and epistatic effects on the other characters in the both crosses.

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The experiment was carried out at the field of College of Agriculture at the University of Duhok during the spring season of 2010. Eleven inbred lines of maize, had been selected, eight of them were used as a line (males), (ZP 204, ZP 301, ZP 595, ZP 670, ZP 430, ZP 505, un 44652, ZP 735) and the reminder used as testers (females), (ZP 197, ZP 607 and ZP 707) to estimate gene action, specific and general combining ability, heterosis and heritability for yield and its components under two nitrogen fertilizer levels (135 and 275 Kg N/ha). The results showed significant positive heterosis for most studied characters of hybrids under two nitrogen levels. The better hybrids for grain yield were (ZP 607 × ZP 505) and (ZP 707 × ZP 204). The line ZP 505 showed the heights positive GCA effect of grain yield. Heritability in broad sense was high for all studied characters while heritability in narrow sense was high for ear height under both nitrogen levels and number of rows / ear under value nitrogen level only. The additive variance was more than dominance variance for all characters except 100 grain weight (g) and ear length (cm) under (135 Kg N). The average degree of dominance was greater than one for all characters. The results of this study can enhance the use of promising inbred lines in a programme focused on developing hybrid that efficiently can take up and use nitrogen.

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