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studied the impact of muscular immunization to white mice (Balb / c) with serum and cell lymphoma of the spleen immunized mice with different antigens (mature eggs, live larvae, liquid hatch eggs, extract adult worm) of Toxocara canis to resist infection by the larvae of Toxocara cati in the case of hetero infection and against the larvae of Toxocara canis in similar infection case. The results showed that immunization with serum effect in reducing the rate of infection at the injection all different antigens (mature eggs, live larvae, liquid hatch eggs, extract adult worm) reached as prevention ratio against T. cati 65.64%, 41.60%, 60.68%, 73.28% respectively, and the proportion of total prevention against T. canis with same antigens 71.90%, 51.83 %, 53.84%, 71.23% respectively. But when immunization lymphoma cell of the spleen mice immunized proportion to protect against T. cati it has reached 64.96%, 51.36%, 48.63%, 67.68%, respectively against antigens (mature eggs, live larvae, liquid hatch eggs, extract adult worm), and amounted to prevention ratio against T. canis 59.24%, 53.75%, 39.01%, 69.65% respectively in same infection.

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The study reveals the effect of immunization of white mice (Balb/ c) with sensitizedserum and spleen cell of mice with of whole eggs extract and excratory secretory products of larvae of T.canis, T. leonina to protect mice from the larvae of T. cati, T. leonina infestation.Results showed that thehighest percentages of protection mice from T. leoniua 61.46%, 59.55% and 52.86% when miceimmunized with egg, Whole extract and were excretory secretory products of T. canis respectively. Thehighest percentages of protection from T. leonina larvae were 51.83%, 51.04% when immunized withegg, excretory secretory product of T. leonina antigen. Immunized mice with spleen cell .The highest ofpercentages of protection were 65.10%, 60.06%, 54.36% against T. cati larvae when immunized witheggs, whole extract, excretory and secretory products of T. canis respectively the highest percentage ofprotection from T. leonina larvae 54.07%, 52.34% when immunized mice with egg and whole exctract ofT. leonina and 53.33%, 50.12% when immunized mice with whole

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Back ground: Immunization remains one of the most important public health interventions and costs effective strategy to reduce both the morbidity and mortality associated with infectious disease. Over two Million deaths are delayed through immunization each year worldwide.Objectives: This study aims to assess knowledge of mothers who attending Haci Qadr antenatal clinical center in Koya city and to identify age and level of education of mother’s effect of Knowledge about immunization.Methods: A descriptive study and quantitative design which was select sample by simple random sampling of 200 mothers who attending HaciQadr antenatal clinical center in Koya city for immunization of their children’s from 5th February 2013 to the 10th May 2013 were interviewed using questionnaire. Data was analyzed by using descriptive analysis (frequency and percentage) and applying SPSS through Chi-square test.Result: Most of mothers don’t have knowledge about immunization (61.5%). A statistically significant relationship was seen between level of education of mothers and knowledge about vaccination; university and institute graduation mothers showed have high knowledge (78.1%), ( 79%), while illiterate mother (7.14 %).Age of mother also have significant association with Knowledge of mother (20-30) year have (55.1%), while 40 year and over it was (16.7%). Almost all (97%) the respondents agree that immunization was important it could prevent childhood illness.Conclusion: According to the results of the study, many mothers don’t come regularly for vaccination of their children. As a result they miss the due date of vaccination. Low literacy level of mother is a matter of worry most of them don’t know about the disease for which their child is being immunized. Recommendation: It is dire need to arrange for health education program session for mothers, with main emphasis on important of vaccination and vaccine preventable disease. Media (television) was the most important source which can be used for spreading health education message.

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The current study was conducted to investigate the impacts of active and passive immunization against synthetic inhibin-α subunit and steroid-free bovine follicular fluid, respectively, on reproductive hormones profile out of breeding season in Iraqi Awassi ewes. Follicular fluid was aspired from mature bovine follicles, treated with activated charcoal, used for immunization of male rabbits, and obtaining of SFBFF antiserum. Forty non-pregnant Awassi ewes were allocated into 4 groups (n = 10 each). At day 38 of experiment, ewes were treated with intra-vaginal sponge impregated with medroxyprogesterone acetate 60 mg for 12 days. Ewes were treated at 0, 28 and 50 days with 4, 2 and 2 ml of normal saline (control; C-ve), 400, 200 and 200 µg of ovalbumine (C+ve), 400, 200 and 200 µg of inhibin (SI group), and 4 ml of normal saline at 0 day, and 4ml and 2ml of SFBFF antiserum, at 28 and 50 days, respectively (AI group). Blood samples were collected at 24 and 48 hours before and after sponge withdrawal for assessment of FSH, LH, inhibin-B, Activin-A, E2 and P4. Before sponge withdrawal, FSH level increased in SI ewes, whereas only after sponge withdrawal, FSH, LH, activin-A and E2 levels increased in SI and AI ewes. Opposite results were shown of inhibin-B level. In conclusion, active or passive immunization against inhibin in Awassi ewes could augment reproductive functions out of breeding season in Iraqi Awassi ewes.

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ABSTRACT:BACKGROUND:A cross sectional study was conducted to explore the awareness of the local population of AL-Nahrawan district about National Immunization days (NIDs) and their major sources of information about the campaign.METHODS:A total of 476 households, selected randomly during the first NIDs round of the year 2000, were screened using pretested questionnaires. The questionnaires include questions about various aspects of NIDs campaign.RESULTS:There were 61.8% females, 70% aged between 20-39 years and about 79% were either illiterate or can just read and write. The study reveal that 88.2% of the respondents were aware of the NIDs but only 10.5% knew the date of the next NIDs and less than half of the respondents (43.3%) were understood the purpose of the program. Tow aspects of the NIDs ( whether a previously immunized child is involved in NIDs and whether involved children should be vaccinated again in the next NIDs were understood by the majority of the respondents 92.2% and 78.2% respectively). Among the various media used to increase awareness of population about NIDs, the television was the most popular.CONCLUSION:The general awareness about NIDs program in AL-Nahrawan district is acceptable which probably reflect the successfulness of the program in Iraq. Some points about the program need to be verified and reinforced.

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Abstract To study the descriptive epidemiology of pertussis, all recorded cases of the disease in Al-Diwaniya province for the years 1990 through 2007 were reviewed, rearranged and analyzed. Results showed that the disease occurred in an endemic state, previously with epidemics every five years till 2001, after which 1t showed continuous annual occurrence. Most of the cases occurred during May (23,43%) seconded by June (17,11%) then April (15,78%). Those under five are the mostly affected (75,29%), and no significant difference that could be detected between genders.

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The present study has been conducted to evaluate the effect of neonatal passive immunization against inhibin α subunit on testicular mRNA expression level of IGF-1 gene during prepubertal and pubertal stage in male rats. Thirty male rats (weighted 21.5±1.32 g, aged 15 days) were randomly assigned into two equal groups; antiserum treated and control groups, received inhibin-α antiserum (100µl of physiological saline containing 1µg antiserum, i.p.) and physiological saline (100µl, i.p.) at the 15th and 18th days old. Five males from each group were sacrificed at the 23th, 30th and 50th days old. Testis samples were obtained for evaluation of mRNA expression level of IGF-1 gene using RT- PCR. Testis of 50d treated male rats showed higher expression level of IGF-1 gene compared with control, while 23d and 30d showed insignificant changes between studied groups. In conclusion, passive immunization against endogenous circulating inhibin during prepubertal age can perform potent role in testicular functional status and performance in the males after puberty.

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Objectives: To assess of Science Teachers' Awareness towards immunity and immunization in Baghdad City Primary SchoolsMethodology: A descriptive study was conducted, included (100) primary school,(50) in Al Rassafa sector, and (50) in Al Karkh sector, from March 5th 2012 to March 15th 2013, to assess of science teachers' awareness towards immunity and immunization. A cluster sample of (100) Science teachers (males and females) were selected, as one teacher from each school. A questioner format was used for data collection. The validity of questioner was estimated through a penal of experts related to the field of study, and its reliability was estimated through a pilot study conducted in (20) schools is excluded from the original sample which included (20) teachers from April 8th 2012 to April 14th 2012. Data were analyzed through the application of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Results: The results of the study indicated that (78%) of sample were female, and (39%) of them their ages were between (30-39) years old, (65%) of them were married, while (21%) of them were single, and (50%) of them were institute graduates. Also the study indicated that (26%) of teachers had (15–19) years of employment in teaching sector. Furthermore, (58 %) of sample had no opportunity to be involved in training courses concerning communicable diseases control. The results of this study indicate that, teachers' awareness was poor (in adequate awareness) towards immunity and immunization against communicable diseases in Baghdad City Primary SchoolsConclusion: The study concluded that teachers' awareness towards immunity and immunization in Baghdad primary schools was poor. Recommendations: The study recommends that there is a need for cooperation between the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education on writing a book systematically for primary schools about the nature of the transitional diseases and how to control them through immunity and immunization, and Emphasis on continuous sessions concerning communicable diseases control for teachers in all primary schools

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Vaccination still the most important strategy in the prevention of infectious diseases, and the developing of powerful vaccine adjuvants is crucial to maximize the efficacy of these vaccines. Our objective was to introduce the laser adjuvant to increase the immunogenicity of Hepatitis B vaccine. Twelve wistar albino male rats were included in this study. The animals were divides into three groups; control, red laser, and infra- red laser groups. Rats were anesthetized by chloroform; the lower dorsal hair of the rats was shaved. The skin of laser groups was exposed next day to red laser (λ = 635 nm) or to IR laser (λ = 808 nm) for 60 seconds at 300mW after the rats were anesthetized similarly. The rats were then immunized by intradermal (i.d.) administration of (2 ug) of Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) into the laser-illuminated sites. Rats in control group were treated and immunized similarly except for no laser illumination.Laser therapies have diverse immunological effects; the most interesting effect is the change in the differential blood cells count after laser illumination which characterized by a significant increases in lymphocyte count and decreases in neutrophil count after one session of irradiation with red laser light.We found that 635 nm laser induce a significant increases in TNF-α level comparing with the other laser (808 nm) group or the control group. In conclusion the visible red laser has a significant boosting effect on HBsAg vaccine.

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The emergence of the founder of the Unitarian project –Muhammad Bin Tumert- great role in the rise of Tainmil during the sixth century for Hijra/ twelfth century A.D. according to their name, it was a gathering of tribes. This name is mentioned in the historical references in association with the name of Almahdi. The fortification in this city is considered a military and architectural structure has direct connection to natural, human, economic and political aspects of the city.

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