The Land Of Reform in Aljazeera Alfuratia during the orthodox caliphs(allah blesses them)(11-40/633-660a.h.) a historical study

Abstract

1-The reconciliation in the lexicon, Holly Quran and prophetical suna. means peace, reconciliation, peaceableness, concord and disbanding of conflict by the interference of mediators. Accordingly and depending on what is included in the reconciliation bond, the peace territory is every territory controlled peacefully by Muslims with out fight or war.2-It is called the territory of abscess, after the imposition of Muslims an identified or not identified amount of abscess and also called the territory of shade due to the perfect reconciliation and abscess which is considered the rights for all Muslims.3-In terms of conditions of peace, there are binding conditions and other conditions imposed by Muslims to the people of the Euphrates island at a time of reconciliation bond.4-The rules of reconciliation territories are determined by their types and how to mange them in accordance with the Holly Quran and prophetical suna. This is because the caliphates followed the prophets steps (P.b.u.h) and obeyed his rules.5-Despite the short era of the caliphate Abu Bakir (Allah bless them), he held many reconciliation bonds with people of the Euphrates island. He also mange these territories according to the reconciliation conditions and invest and make use of them.6-As for the era of Omer Bin Alkhatab (Allah bless him), it is characterized by the extension of the reconciliation territories, variety of their types and the variation of rules according to the variety of reconciliation conditions. Some of these territories were old and some of them were modern. In this era the imposed taxes ranged between the abscess and Ushir (one-tenth).7-Both Caliphate Othman Bin Afan and Ali Bin Abi Talib (Allah bless them) followed the Caliphate Omer Bin Alkhatab (Allah bless them) and they did not change the decided procedures by him.8-The reconciliation territories in the Euphrates island supported the monetary affairs of Muslims with yearly financial resources played an effective role in activating the movements of Islamic conquest band liberalization.

Keywords

Lands, peace, island