The Endophoric Reference in Siegfried Sassoon’s“Trench Rain at Mametz Wood”

Abstract

If a grammarian or even an educated person is going to analyze any piece of writing, he/she is certainly going to use certain linguistic devices to make his/her writing good enough. These linguistic devices can be summarized as "cohesive relations which include: reference, substitution, ellipsis, lexical cohesion, conjunction and lexical relation." Being the core of the present study, reference is the only cohesive device that is going to be tackled. Reference means the action by which the speaker or writer uses language to enable the reader or listener to identify something by using some expressions (such as pronouns, demonstratives, etc.) in a particular sentence or speech to identify some entity in the text. There are two main types of reference: exophoric and endophoric.