The Impact of Natural Disasters on the Economic Situation in the Arab Islamic State 447 AH / 1055 - 1194 AD

Abstract

The study showed the political situation and its effects on the economic situation, especially the agricultural ones in Iraq during the Seljuk period, where the entry of the Seljuks to Iraq in (744 AH / 1055 AD) and the invasion of soldiers to the agricultural land has led to the destruction of land and irrigation projects and channels and destruction of crops, as well as the descent of invading soldiers in the houses.In the area of ownership of agricultural land, the ownership of agricultural land has been transformed after it has undergone several changes over the years from the Islamic form of ownership (exploitation), ie, the utilization of the right of usufruct and possession without the right to disposition (sale or donation) until it took the form of feudal (military) In return for military service instead of salaries, as a result of the financial crises faced by the State Treasury at the time.The Seljuks followed the guarantee as a way to collect taxes, ie, to guarantee the collection of agricultural land tax to guarantors pledging to pay annual amounts agreed with the state, but the guarantors tended to exploit and imposed additional fees on the farmers, forced them to forced labor and frequent excesses, This is due to the spread of sedition and the destruction of agricultural land, and the lack of imports of the money house. This policy of security is one of the negative effects resulting from the bad political situation. The Military feudalism is considered an important pillar of the Seljuks' financial and military policy. The expropriations are one of the main obstacles to the country's economy. Military feudalism has led to the replacement of poor land or the decline of its fertility in new fertile lands by commanders and soldiers. To the military leaders) of the central state, which has been so strong that it strangled the central state and led to collapse and fall.