Abstract The lack of understanding of the benefits of insurance, due to poor insurance awareness, especially among the classes that do not engage in large economic activity, was reflected in the weak demand for life insurance policies. On this basis, this research started from a problem expressed in a number of intellectual and practical questions, aiming to identify the contribution of knowledge sharing to the demand for life insurance documents in the company being investigated. The research uses a descriptive analytical methodology, based on a set of methods and tools for collecting and analyzing data and information from the research sample of (65) agents for sale in the National Insurance Company. The research reached a number of conclusions; the most important were the links between knowledge sharing and demand On life insurance policies

Keywords: knowledge sharing --- demand for life insurance. --- الكلمات المفتاحية / التشارك المعرفي ، الطلب على وثائق التأمين على الحياة

The present study aims to test the integrative relationship between cleaner production processes and reverse processing chain processes In its conceptual framework, the study addressed the issue of cleaner production processes as an explanatory variable, as well as addressing the issue of reverse-processing chain processes as a response variable. From this point of view, the study studied literature in the field of production management and operations in four axes to reverse this by answering the following question: Are cleaner production processes and reverse processing processes being integrated into the company under study? After reviewing a number of previous studies on the subject, a key hypothesis was formulated, to be tested in the company under study. To diagnose the integrative relationship between cleaner production processes and reverse processing chain processes, and to achieve a deeper understanding of the relationship, the researcher adopted the applied study approach in light of the adoption of a set of tools in all data represented by the questionnaire form. The study found a number of conclusions, including a significant complementary correlation between cleaner production processes and reverse processing chain processes. The researcher recommended a number of proposals, the most important of which are: Cleaner production processes and reverse processing chain processes must be better built by the studied company, because one complement the other and preserve the natural environment.

: cleaner production --- Reverse supply chain --- الانتاج الانظف --- سلسلة التجهيز العكسي

The Study attempts to test the role of entrepreneurial marketing dimension's (EM) to achieve Quick response manufacturing (QRM), A field Study in a Sample of Prosthetic limbs Industry Centers. In its Conceptual Framework, the Study adopted the dimensions of the entrepreneurial marketing as an independent variable and quick response manufacturing as dependent variable. while the study problem was determined by posing questions Including theoretical philosophy and statistical process as follows: - To which extent the sample researched applied the principles of quick response manufacturing (QRM)? - Can adopting the dimensions of the entrepreneurial marketing (EM) to activating those principles? - Is there a reflected about success in entrepreneurial marketing (EM) application to enhance the principles of quick response manufacturing (QRM)? After crystallization of the conceptual framework and reviewing of the related foregoing research efforts, a Hypothetical was designed to reflect the nature of the correlations and impact between the variables based on a number of main and sub hypotheses that were tested in a field study in a sample of prosthetic limbs Industry centers in Iraq. In order to achieve a deeper understanding of this impact, the researcher has adopted a field study approach by the adoption of a set of tools in collecting data represented by personal Interviews and field visits as well as the questionnaire form. The Study Concluded a Set of Conclusions Including the Following: 1. The results of the exploratory study show that the overall rate of awareness among the respondents in the study sample towards the variables was good and Positive, Which confirms that the respondents are concerned with the dimensions of the entrepreneurial marketing in order to achieve quick response manufacturing in the Investigated centers. 2. The study found a significant correlation and Impact between the dimensions of the entrepreneurial marketing and quick response manufacturing in the investigated centers.

يُعّد الإنفاق العام أحد ادوات السياسة المالية فهو يمثل ويعبر عن دور الدولة وتدخلها في الحياة الاقتصادية وذلك عن طريق توجيه النشاط الاقتصادي في القطاعات الاقتصادية المختلفة لتحقيق النمو الاقتصادي من خلال زيادة الانتاج وتحقيق الاهداف الاقتصادية والاجتماعية المرسومة من قبل الدولة. يعاني العراق من جملة تحديات تتعلق بمتغيرات التوازن الداخلية والخارجية فضلا عن الاختلال الهيكلي فيه وضعف مساهمة القطاعات الاقتصادية في الناتج المحلي الاجمالي ، ومن هنا كانت مشكلة الدراسة التي تناولت الدور الذي يمكن أن تلعبه النفقات العامة في معالجة الخلل في المتغيرات أعلاه . هدفت الدراسة إلى معرفة أثر الإنفاق العام على متغيرات التوازن الداخلية والخارجية ( البطالة ، التضخم ، الموازنة العامة )، والخارجية ( ميزان المدفوعات ، سعر الصرف ، الدين الخارجي ) ، وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أن أثر الإنفاق العام أثر ايجابي ومهم على اغلب متغيرات الدراسة وهذا بطبيعته يتفق مع النظرية الاقتصادية والتجارب الدولية المتعلقة بالنمو والتنمية الاقتصادية .عليه اوصت الدراسة بضرورة تعزيز الإنفاق العام وخاصة الإنفاق الاستثماري على القطاعات الاقتصادية عبر وضع خطط اقتصادية تنموية سنوية ومتوسطة وطويلة الامد ذات مرونة عالية للقطاعات الاقتصادية وبشكل متناسق من أجل تطور وتنوع وزيادة الانتاج المحلي وزيادة الرقابة والمتابعة عليها، وهذا يمكن أن يساعد على توفير القاعدة الاساسية التي ينطلق منها الاقتصاد العراقي لتجاوز العقبات التي يواجهها في المتغيرات قيد الدراسة من أجل النهوض في الانتاج المحلي وتحقيق التنمية الاقتصادية، فضلا عن فسح المجال أمام القطاع الخاص ليساهم في تعزيز الإنفاق الخاص عبر المشاريع الاستثمارية التي تناط به مما يعزز مجمل التنمية الاقتصادية للبلد .

The knowledge economy is a new branch of economic science. It is the economy in which knowledge has achieved the greatest part of added value. It is an economy based on producing, disseminating and using knowledge and employing it adequately in all fields of economic activity. The importance of the knowledge economy comes from the fact that knowledge has become an economic commodity. The study aims at understanding the concepts, contents and tools of the knowledge economy, and studying the experiences of some countries that have believed in the knowledge economy and have transformed their economies into this new type of economy. The study also aims to identify the reality of the Arab knowledge economy and the problems and challenges that hinder the transition of Arab economies to the knowledge pattern, and propose solutions and procedures that may help bridge the Arab knowledge economic gap. The study found that there are many challenges and obstacles facing the Arab economies in the transition to the knowledge economy, including the unequal conditions of international trade and the low output of research and development and the weakness of Arab knowledge exports with the existence of the gap in the Arab countries, which is due to lack of research strategy and brain drain and high rates Poverty, lack of incentives, absence of stable economic policies and long-term strategic development goals. The study recommended the need to maintain a stable macroeconomic environment and emphasize the importance of conciliation by choosing technology, dealing with it and absorbing it

: knowledge economy --- digital --- information economy --- knowledge society --- الاقتصاد المعرفي ،الرقمي ، الاقتصاد الجديد ،اقتصاد المعلومات، مجتمع المعرفة

The economic development process in developing countries, including Iraq, depends on the ability of their national economies to provide the real resources necessary to implement their development programs, which have been particularly reflected in the development of their investments and the slowdown in their overall economic growth resulting in distorting economies that have expanded unemployment and poverty. The study examined the effect of some economic variables that have greatly affected the performance of the Iraqi economy in the field of investment, including GDP ×1, national income variable ×2, inflation rates ×3 , exchange rates ×4 ,and non-economic effects such as the effects of wars and economic siege ×5, ×6, for the period (1990 – 2010), and the impact on the gross fixed capital formation, which means the amount of capital accumulation in the Iraqi economy and analysis of the results in the economatric model within the duration of the study.

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the performance of banks using one of the most recent models, which is the PATROL model. This model is one of the early warning models. It consists of five components (capital adequacy, profitability, credit risk, regulation, liquidity). The research sample included eight Iraqi banks for the year 2012, because the researcher is unable to obtain the financial data for the most number of banks, The researcher proved the validity of research hypotheses, including the possibility of using the PATROL model in evaluating the performance of Iraqi private banks, as well as the possibility of descending order based on the outputs of the model, starting with banks with good performance and ending with lower performing banks. The study reached several conclusions, such as that the banks assess their performance depending on their own potential, enables them to identify errors and deviations and reasons, and thus find ways to address them, as well as enable them to draw up an appropriate strategy to raise and improve the current level of performance. The study concludes with several proposals, among which the management of banks should give their banking performance special importance through the establishment of a specialized administrative unit entrusted with the task of evaluating performance, so that the task will be entrusted to competent staff and knowledgeable about it.

:Performance evaluation --- PATROL model --- Regulation in banks. --- : تقييم الاداء --- أنموذج PATROL --- التنظيم في المصارف

Abstract This study aimed to test the impact of capital structure on earnings quality in industrial companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange.The earnings quality has been measured by discretionary accruals depending (Dechow, et al., 1995) model, and to test the hypotheses of the study, multiple linear regression model was used . The results of the study showed an impact of capital structure (total liabilities to total assets, and owner equity to total assets) on the earnings quality of the industrial companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange measured by the discretionary accruals, an impact of control variables (Return On Assets) On earnings quality, and no impact of the control variables (size of company, return on equity, current ratio, sales growth) on earnings quality of the industrial companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange.