Among natural food sources with antimicrobial activities, gingerrhizome has been used as widely grown food spices and medicinalcrops for centuries. Furthermore, it possess antifungal andantioxidant properties due to the phenols – related constituents(gingerols) that constrain the growth of many Gram positive andGram negative bacteria including some periodontal bacteria. TheActinomycetem comitans is a portion of the normal microbiota innumerous healthy individuals but is also a major etiological agentin some aggressive and chronic types of periodontitis.The present study was conducted to test the effect of aqueous andalcoholic ginger extracts on the growth of Aggregatibacteractinomycetem comitans in comparision to 0.2% chlorohexidinegluconate mouth wash and distilled water in vitro, determinationof ginger extracts minimum inhibitory concentration andminimum bactericidal concentration and detection of activeingredients of ginger extracts by using the high-performance liquidchromatography as well as chemical elements.

Periodontitis --- Aggregatibacter actinomycetem comitans

Aim: The point of the study was to assess the prevalence of apical periodontitis andfrequency of endodontic treatment in an Iraqi population.Materials and methods: Panoramic radiographs of 300 Iraqi subjects 18-60 yearsold. The periapical status of all teeth (with the exception of third molars) wasexamined using periapical index scoring system (PAI). Information wereinvestigated statistically using the Chi-squared test at the significance level ofp<0.05.Results: Out of 5822 examined teeth belonging to 300 patients 156 had one or moreteeth with apical periodontitis (PAI 3-5) and 253 individuals had one or moreendodontically treated teeth.Conclusions: The discoveries of the exhibit examination come into concurred uponwith different investigations which accentuate that a worldwide improvement inthe quality of root canal treatment in general dental practice is required to promoteperiradicular health.

Keywords: Apical periodontitis --- endodontic --- teeth --- panoramic .

Background: chronic periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis are widely prevalent diseases and are characterized by tissue destruction due to chronic inflammation. Recently, there is growing evidence that the two diseases share many pathological features the aims of the study To determine the periodontal health status in patient have chronic periodontitis with rheumatoid arthritis and compare it with those having chronic periodontitis without Rheumatoid arthritis and determine the serum levels of interleukin -17(IL-17), tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-α ) in both groups and compare with the control group (subject samples neither have periodontitis nor arthritis ) and correlate these immunological markers with the periodontal parameters Plaque index , gingival index , bleeding on probing, probing depth, clinical attachment level and number of missing teeth.Materials and methods: Eighty (80) males and females subjects with age range (30-45) years were recruited in this study they were divided into three main groups The chronic periodontitis with rheumatoid arthritis group consist of thirty (30) subjects and second group consist of thirty (30) subjects have chronic periodontitis and third group consist of twenty (20) subject case control group. All subjects had normal weight and height range according to BMI (body mass index) that it value is (18.5-25), Clinical periodontal parameters used in this study were Plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment level index, probing pocket depth and number of missing teeth was measured in all groups at four surfaces of all presented teeth Blood samples were collected from all individuals and examined to determined serum level of interleukin -17 and tumor necrosis factor-a by mean of enzyme-linked immune–sorbent assay.Results: The present study showed patients with chronic periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis had higher prevalence of sites presenting dental plaque, a higher rate of gingival inflammation and bleeding on probing greater probing depth, greater attachment loss and high number of missing teeth compared to those had chronic periodontitis only and control subjects . Also highly significant differences between studied group regarding serum level of IL-17 and TNF-α atp < 0.001, as well as, it revealed that mean serum levels of IL-17 were statistically higher in chronic periodontitis with rheumatoid arthritis group (607.9 ± 79.9) than Chronic Periodontitis group (421.4 ± 5.9) and Control groups (15.9 ± 2.7) similarly serum level of TNF-α (402.2 ± 41.2 319.4 ± 526 85.3 ± 4.9) respectively at p < 0.001. Regarding correlation, the current study observed strong positive correlation between serum levels of IL-17 andTNF-α with PL.I, GI, BOP, PPD CAL and the number of missing teeth in the PRA at p<0.001. Also this study reveal significant correlation between the two immunological markers (TNF-α and IL-17) in chronic periodontitis with rheumatoid arthritis group and in Chronic Periodontitis group.Conclusion: It was concluded that there was higher potentiality to chronic periodontitis involvement among rheumatoid arthritis patients, that correlated positively with increase the level of serum levels of IL-17 and TNF-α accordingly with high score of clinical parameters that had recorded. That mean TNF –a and IL-17 may play an important role in increase the severity of periodontitis as well as rheumatoid arthritis

chronic periodontitis --- rheumatoid arthritis --- Serum level --- TNF-α --- IL-17

Intoduction: Theqcytokine, is aprimary activator of earlyqchemotacticqcytokines, as well as of expressionqof adhesionq molecules that ,facilitateqmigration of leukocytes intoqtissues.,,IL-1q is also. one of the most, activeqstimulators ,ofqosteoclastqcells ,,,and lead to boneqresorption...Theqaim ofqthis study was toqdetermined.. the .prevalenceqof the ILq1 β (q+3954.)t geneqpolymorphism in a sample of iIraqi8 patientsqwith qchronicqperiodontitisy in4 Babylon .,Province and to evaluater they association of thisopolymorphism witht the severityqof disease,,. Methodsw: Seventy four systemicallyqhealthyqpatients attending theqDepartment of Periodontics of Facultyqof Dentistry, Babylon University, BabylonqProvince, Iraq.r Patients wereqclassified into twoqgroups: subjects withqchronicqperiodontitis groupq(CP) (n=40) andq healthyqcontrolqgroup (C)..(n=34). Thisqstudy desiged a cross8sectionalqstudy.5GenomicqqDNA was obtained from venousqblood(5 ml)5 and amplifiedy usings the Polymerasey Chainu Reactionq (PCR) with specific primers flankingqthe locus *+3954 of*ILq1β. PCRq.products wereqsubmitted to restriction endonuclease digestionaand analyzed by polyacrylamideqgel electrophoresis, to distinguish allelesqTqandqCqof the ILq1 β gene, allowing for the determinationqof the genotypesqand detection qof the polymorphism. Results: The homozygousqgenotype CC of the ILz-1β( +3954) was dominatedzin controlq(C )group than in Chroniczperiodontitis (CP) group. The heterozygousqgenotype CTysignificantly higher in Chronicuperiodontitis groupzthan zyin controlzgroup,(P =0.038; OR 4.125 ). The Prevalencezof thezTT genotypezywas dominated in chronic periodontitis (CP)groupz than in controlz(C )group,and statisticallyyinsignificant valueowas obtainedpwhenpcompared betweenuthese twoogroups(P =0.27). Weuobserved that,individualsqwith severechronicq periodontitisqgroup displayedqhigh frequencyqof Tsoallele(47.6 %) as compareduto individualsqwith moderateqchronic periodontitisqgroup, at the same time no significant difference was observed between them.The chroniciqperiodontitis groupqdisplayed a higherqpercentage of the Tqtallele (45%) when compared,with,controlrogroup(29.4%6),and statisticalpinsignificant in alleleqdistribution wasoobserved between these twopgroups.Conclusion:- Our dataqsuggested thatqthe polymorphismqin the locusq+3954 ofwIL1 β geneqcould be related toqchronic periodontitisqin Iraqiqpopulation.

يعتبر الانترلوكين 1 بيتا من اهم السايتوكينات التي تلعب دور فاعل في تحفيز الالتهابات المزمنه في الجسم ,ويعتبر عامل اولي في تفعيل جذب كرات الدم المتعددة النواة الى النسيج بالاضافه الى تحفيز عمل الخلايه المذيبه للعظم. الهدف من هذه الدراسه هو لمعرفة مدى ارتباط او علاقة التعدد الشكلي للانترلوكينون1 بيتا (3945) لمرضى التهاب اللثه بين عينه من العراقيين في محافظة بابل من المصابين بامراض اللثه المزمن العام.و مقارنته النتيجه مع مجموعه اخرى غير مصابين بالتهاب اللثه المزمن.مع بيان مدى ثاثير هذا المورث مع شدة التهاب اللثه المزمن.اظهرت النتائج بان المورث او الجين الانترلوكين 1 بيتا المتعدد الاشكال (3945) يشكل خطر كبير على التهاب اللثه المزمن الشديد جدا.اي انه يلعب دور في شدة التهاب امراض اللثه المزمن.

Gene6 polymorphism. --- 99interleukin1 β --- 7chronic&*periodontitis --- allele --- المورث المتعدد الاشكال --- انترلوكين 1 بيتا --- التهاب اللثه المزمن --- اليل.

Background: Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of bacterial etiology that results in the destruction of tooth supporting tissues, tooth mobility, and tooth loss. The inflammatory response of the periodontal tissues to infection is influenced by environmental and genetic factors. The polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) has been reported to influence the expression of TNF-α, thereby playing a role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.Objective: To study the genotyping of tumor necrosis factor-α at position (-308) and to find out whether any associations exist between the severity of periodontitis and the gene polymorphisms.Patients and Methods: The study groups included 50 patients with chronic periodontitis and 20 healthy controls with clinically healthy periodontium with an age range of 25-50. Everyone were analyzed for polymorphism of TNF-α gene at position (-308). Periodontal parameters used in this study were plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and bleeding on probing (BOP). Five ml of venous blood was collected from all patients and controls. DNA was extracted from blood samples, and then the results of electrophoresis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products for this cytokine were subjected for sequencing and to locate the positions of possible mutations.Results: The results of sequencing for the tumor necrosis factor-α gene showed higher frequency of mutations in patient samples as compared to healthy control samples. A highly significant difference was found in the frequency of mutations among the six samples (4 patients and 2 controls) p=0.0002.Conclusion: The results of this study indicates that the (-308) polymorphism in TNF-α gene is associated with the susceptibility to chronic periodontitis.

خلفية الدراسة: مرض النساغ المزمن هو مرض التهابي من المسببات البكتيرية التي تؤدي إلى تدمير الأنسجة الداعمة للأسنان ، حركة الأسنان، وفقدان الأسنان. الاستجابة الالتهابية لأنسجة الاسنان الداعمة للاصابة تتأثر بالعوامل البيئية والوراثية.أن تعدد الأشكال لعامل نخر الورم ألفا (TNF-α) له تأثير على التعبير عن TNF-α، وبالتالي تلعب دورا في التسبب في التهاب اللثة.اهداف الدراسة : قد أجريت هذه الدراسة لدراسة التنميط الجيني لعامل نخر الورم α في موضع (-308) ولمعرفة ما إذا كان هناك أي أرتباط موجودة بين شدة التهاب اللثة وتعدد الأشكال الجيني.المرضى والطرائق : شملت مجموعات الدراسة 50 مريض لديهم التهاب اللثة المزمن و 20 الاصحاء مع لثة صحية سريريا وكانت أعمارهم تتراوح ما بين25- 50 سنة. اما فيما يخص مؤشرات ما حول الاسنان التي تم قياسها في هذه الدراسة هي (مؤشر الصفيحة الجرثومية , مؤشر التهاب اللثة , عمق جيوب اللثة , مستوى الانسجة الرابطة سريريا و مؤشر النزف عند التسبير). تم جمع خمسة مل من الدم الوريدي من جميع المرضى والضوابط. تم استخراج الحمض النووي (DNA) من عينات الدم ثم بعد ذلك أُجري الترحيل الكهربائي من منتجات تفاعل البلمرة المتسلسل (PCR) ، وأُرسلت النتائج لمعرفة التتابعات وتحديد اماكن الطفرات المحتملة.النتائج: أظهرت نتائج الكشف عن تسلسلات القواعد النتروجينية لجين عامل نخر الورم ألفا ((TNF-α تردد أعلى من الطفرات في عينات المرضى مقارنة عينات من الأصحاء. تم العثور على اختلاف كبير جدا في تردد الطفرات بين العينات الست (4 مرضى و2 الضوابط) p=0.0002.الاستنتاجات: نتائج هذه الدراسة تشير إلى أن تعدد الأشكال في الجين TNF-α في موضع (-308) يمكن أن تسهم في زيادة القابلية لمرض النساغ المزمن.

Chronic periodontitis --- genetic factors --- tumor necrosis factor-α --- single nucleotide polymorphism. --- مرض النساغ المزمن --- عوامل وراثية --- عامل نخر الورم ألفا --- تعدد الأشكال المفرد في نيوكليوتيدة