Background: Thalassemia is a hereditary anemia resulting from defects in hemoglobin production. β- thalassemiacaused by decrease in the production of β- globin chains affect multiple organs and is associated with cranio-orofacialdeformity which include prominent cheek bones and protrusive premaxilla with depression of the nasal bridgeoften referred to as “rodent or chip-munk face” with small mandible and Cl.II skeletal relationship. This study aimed toinvestigate cephalometric craniofacial parameters (skeletal) of β- thalassemic major patients by using computedtomography and to compare findings with a group of healthy patients in the same age group.Subject, Materials and Method: The study included (40) patients with β- thalassemic major (20 female and 20 male)with age 8-15years compared with (40) healthy controls (20 female and 20 male) with the same age, who admittedto spiral computed tomography scan unit in X-ray institute in AL-KARKH general hospital to have computedtomography scan for the brain, paranasal and for orthodontic purpose from October 2011 to June 2012.Cephalometric analysis of the selected four skeletal linear measurements and four skeletal angular measurements,by using direct analysis with software programs in a computer which is part of the computed tomography machine.Results: There was no statistically significant difference between thalassemic males and females in all selectedskeletal linear and angular measurements, Thalassemic patients have a highly significant large ANB angle and cl IIskeletal relationship, significant larger gonial angle, Mandibular base length (Me-Go) is significantly shorter,Retrognathic mandible (SNB) is significantly decreased, highly significant shorter in total anterior facial height (N-Me)and total posterior facial height (S-Go), and also the Ramus height is highly significant decreased.Conclusion: In thalassemic patients, the skeletal morphology is recognizable and mandible is retrognathism and theyhave skeletal cl. II pattern and Computed tomography is useful tool for assessment of the cranio facialmeasurement.

Thalassemia --- computed tomography --- Skeletal --- Cephalometrics

Background: Computed tomography (CT) (standard and low‑dose CT [LDCT] scan) has become the reference technique in medical imagingfor urinary calculi, to diagnose, plan treatment, and explore differential diagnosis of renal colic. Objective: This study was done to comparethe low‑dose nonenhanced CT scan with standard dose CT scan in the detection of urolithiasis. Materials and Methods: Cross‑sectionalstudy conducted from 2017 to 2018 in Al‑Hilla teaching general hospital on 60 patients undergone unenhanced (native) spectral detectorCT (SDCT) and LDCT, the patients were scanned by Siemens CT system, 64 slice using automated tube current modulation, all CT scan wereperformed without oral or intravenous contrast. Results: This study showed that 93 stones detected by SDCT scan and 89 stones detected byLDCT scan, mean age of patients 44.2 ± 7.3 and mean of body mass index 26.3 ± 3.1, male constitute 56.6% (34) and female 43.4% (26). In46.6% of patients had stone in the left side and 53.4% show stone in right side, most of patients presented solitary stone which appear 73.4%,11.6% of patients had double stone, 5% had triple stone, 6.6% had four stones, and 3.45% had 5 or more stone at investigation, 10.8% ofstones lie in ureter, 7.6% of stones in renal pelvis, 13.9% in upper calyx, 28% in lower calyx, and 39.7% lie in middle calyx, according tosize of stones 11.9% of stones had size <3 mm, 35.4% of stones range 3–5 mm, 34.5% size range 6–10 mm, 12.9% 11–15 mm in size, 3.25 ofstones had size range 16–20 mm and only 2.1% of stone had size >20 mm. In standard CT scan, the current mean was 283.2 while in LDCTscan the mean was 126.1 mA, sensitivity is (93%) and specificity (100%) of LDCT in reference SDCT. Conclusion: LDCT scans provideeffective methods of identifying and evaluating urinary tract stones, high diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity are maintained despitesignificant radiation dose reduction compared to standard dose CT.

Computed tomography --- low‑dose computed tomography scan --- standard dose computed tomography scan --- urolithiasis

Background: Implantology is a fast growing area in dentistry. One of the most common issues encountered in dentalimplantation procedures is the lack of adequate preoperative planning. Conventional radiography may not be ableto assess the true regional three-dimensional anatomical presentation. Multi Slice Computed Tomography providesdata in 3-dimentional format offering information on craniofacial anatomy for diagnosis; this technology enables thevirtual placement of implant in a 3-Dimensional model of the patient jaw (dental planning).Patients, Material and Methods: The sample consisted of (72) Iraqi patients indicated for dental implant (34 male and38 female), age range between (20-70) years old. They were examined during a time period started from December2012 to April 2013. All the patients who subjected to implant treatment depending on the pre-operative panoramicradiograph were referred Al-Kharkh General hospital, spiral CT scan Department, for postsurgical assessmentevaluate the angulation of fixture in relation to the angulation of bone in coronal and sagittal sections by usingMulti-Detector Computed Tomography.Results: The present study showed that the angulation of implant affected by age, sector, and tooth position in thesame jaw, and not affected by gender.Conclusion: Multi-Slice Computed Tomography provides a great understanding about bone angulation, it necessaryas a diagnostic tool for treatment planning pre and post-operatively

dental implants --- multi-slice computed tomography

Background: Genioglossus advancement is a surgical procedure to advance the tongue in some patients withobstructive sleep apnea syndrome.The important step in this procedure is that of accurately capturing the bonesegment attached to the genioglossus muscle to avoid complications such as mandibular fracture, devitalization ofthe inferior incisor roots, and incomplete incorporation of the genioglossusMaterials and Method: Computed tomography scans were taken for 53 Iraqi adult patients (28 male and 25 female)range from (18-35) years with skeletal class I classification and intact anterior mandible dentition included in this studyusing sagittal and axial sections. The measurements were done for genial tubercle and anterior mandibular region.Results: The mean values of some measurements weresignificantly higher in males than in females. The effect ofgender difference was evaluated as a strong effect. The mean value of the other measurements slightly higheramong males compared to females, but the difference fail to reach the level of statistical significance. The effect ofgender difference on this parameter was evaluated as a moderately strong effect.The results showed that there wasno effect of age on all selected measurements in male and female. All selected measurements showed nostatistically significant linear correlation with the age.Conclusions: The variable position and dimensions of this bone segment among patients suggest the need for CTbefore attempting genioglossus advancement for exact localization, avoiding the expected surgical complication

Genioglossus advancement --- genial tubercle --- computed tomography

Background: with the dramatic increase in the use of chest computed tomography (CT) for diagnostic or screening purposes, incidental breast lesions faced more frequently; while most of these incidental breast findings are benign; nevertheless, breast cancer be existing.Objectives: to determine the imaging characteristic of incidentally detected breast lesions in routine chest computed tomography and to review the outcome of further assessment of these abnormalities.Patients and methods: a prospective study performed on (33 patients) during the period from October 2014 to November 2015 in AL Shaheed Ghazi Al Hariri hospital, Baghdad teaching hospital, and Radiology Institute at Medical city complex, Baghdad. All patients were female and their ages ranging from (18-74) years. Then breast lesions found incidentally at CT scan identified and their CT features analyzed and include number of lesions, size, location, shape, margin characteristics, and density of the lesion and associated calcification. Most of these patients with incidental breast findings were followed up by performing breast ultrasound (US) and/or mammography in oncology teaching hospital (according to their age) and according to breast imaging and reporting data system (BIRADS); BIRAD- IV and V lesions followed by cytopathological examination and final results were recorded.Results: during the study period, a total of 39 incidental breast lesions were identified on chest CT scan among those 33 patients because some patients had multiple lesions. The mean age of patients for malignant lesions was (53±6.1 years) and for benign lesions was (43.21±0.8years). 25.6%, of incidental, breast lesions found to be malignant and 74.4% found to be benign. Malignant incidental breast lesions tend to have an irregular shape, ill-defined margin and have soft tissue attenuation.Conclusion: Although CT scan is not the primary procedure for the breast imaging, but it can show a significant complementary role in the evaluation of the breast with ultrasound and mammography. A careful review of the breast and accurate characterization of incidental breast lesions (IBL) would highlight the radiological reports, it would achieve appropriate management for the patients, and this would improve survival. Although some of the findings of benign and malignant breast lesions on CT scan do overlap to some degree, we can conclude that an irregular shape and ill-defined margin are important features that go with malignant breast lesions.Key words: incidental, breast, computed tomography.

خلفية البحث: مع الزيادة المطردة في استعمال المفراس الحلزوني للصدر للاغراض التشخيصية,فإن حالات الثدي العرضية بدت تتضح كثيرا. مع ان اغلب حالات الثدي العرضية هي حميدة ,مع ذلك فإن اورام الثدي الخبيثة توجد فعلا.اهداف البحث: لتحديد الخصائص التصويرية لحالات الثدي المكتشفة عرضيا في فحوصات المفراس الحلزوني المعتادة للصدر ,لتقييم اهميتها ولتدقيق النتائج للتقييم الاضافي لهذه الحالات.المرضى وطرائق العمل: دراسة تفقدية استباقية اجريت على 33 مريضة خلال الفترة من تشرين الاول 2014 الى تشرين الثاني 2015 في مستشفى الشهيد غازي الحريري ,مستشفى بغداد التعليمي ومعهد الاشعة. كل المرضى كانوا نساء واعمارهم تتراوح ما بين 18 الى 74 سنة . ومن ثم حالات الثدي المرضية المكتشفة عرضيا في فحوصات مفراس الصدر يتم تحديدها و تحليل ميزاتها في المفراس وتتضمن:عدد الاضرار, موقعا, الحجم ,الشكل, صفات الحافة ,الكثافة و وجود التكلسات. اغلب المرضى ذوو حالات الثدي العرضية تتم متابعتهم بعمل سونار الثدي تحت اشراف طبيب متخصص في الاشعة او ارسالهم لعمل السونار او فحص الثدي بالاشعة (الماموكرام) و( ذلك حسب اعمارهم) في مستشفى الاورام التعليمي لزيادة توصيف وتصنيف هذه الحالات باستعمال نظام البايراد. اذا كانت هناك حالات مشكوك بها في فحص سونار الثدي او اشعة الثدي , تتم الدراسة الخلوية او النسيجية للحالات وتوثيق النتائج.النتائج: خلال فترة الدراسة، 39 حالة ثدي عرضية كمجموع اجمالي تم تحديدها في فحوصات المفراس الحلزوني للصدر بين 33مريضة لان بعض المريضات لديها حالات متعددة . معدل عمر المريضات ذات الحالات الخبيثة كان 53±6.1 سنة و لذات الحالات الحميدة كان 43.21±0.8 سنة .في هذه الدراسة 25.6% من حالات الثدي العرضية وجدت خبيثة و 74.4% وجدت حميدة .حالات الثدي العرضية الخبيثة تميل ان تكون غير منتظمة الشكل وذات حافة غير دقيقة ولديها كثافة النسيج الرخو. الاستنتاجات: مع ان فحص المفراس الحلزوني ليس الطريقة الاولية لتصوير الثدي , لكن يمكن ان يلعب دور مهم في تقييم حالات الثدي مع سونار واشعة الثدي. التفحص الحذر للثدي و التوصيف الدقيق لحالات الثدي العرضية تنير تقرير الاشعة وتحقق علاجا مناسبا للمرضى وتحسن بقائهم. مع ان بعض نتائج حالات الثدي العرضية الخبيثة والحميدة تتشابك لدرجة, يمكننا ان نستنتج انه الشكل غير المنتظم والحافة غير الدقيقة هي ميزات مهمة تتماشى مع حالات الثدي الخبيثة . مع ذلك اغلب حالات الثدي العرضية في فحص المفراس الحلزوني يجب احالتها للتقييم الاضافي للوصول للتشخيص النهائي.مفتاح الكلمات: عرضي، ثدي، مفراس

incidental --- breast --- computed tomography --- عرضي، ثدي، مفراس