The aim of this work is to study thebonding mechanism and the microstructure of copper to steel welded by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). The electrodes that used are ECuSi and ECuSn8thenthe examination of microstructure by optical microscopic, it is clearlyobserved that the copper side are completely interfering with epitaxial growth when using ECuSn8 but the side of steel reveal interaction waves at the interface with nonepitaxial growth. Some of fine cracks observed at the interface with ECuSi. The use of ECuSn8 explaininterfering fine blockes from the steel inside the fusion zone.

Bonding mechanism --- microstructure --- epitaxial growth --- nonepitaxial growth.

The study includs,effect of concentration of Lead 0.2 ,0.3 , 0.5, 5 , 10 mg/L and Zinc 0.1,0.5 , 2 , 4 , 8 mg/L lonely or to gether on growth green algae( Scenedesmus quadricauda var . longispina) according to the total qauntity for the cells and the adsorption of the algae to the zn,pb concentration .growth curve and dubbling time growth were calculated with or without there heavy metals . Results shows that there are significant differences (P<0.01) for growth curve and the control. (7.5201 cell /h)and with dubbling times (9.87 cell/h). The heavy metals(Pb, Zn). shows antagonistic effect when both used in media.

تضمنت الدراسة تأثيرخمسة تراكيز من عنصرالرصاص (0.2 و0.3 و0.5 و5 و10 ملغم /لتر( وعنصر الزنك (0.1 و0.5 و2 و4 و8 ملغم /لتر( بشكل منفرد ومجتمع في نمو أحد أنواع الطحالب الخضر المسمى Scenedesmus quadricauda var . longispinaاعتماداً على العدد الكلي للخلايا والأمتصاصية ومنهما تم حساب معدلات النمو وزمن التضاعف بوجود أوعدم وجود العناصر(الرصاص والزنك) .أظهرت النتائج زيادةفي معدلات التثبيط مع زيادة مدة التعريض للعنصرين بالمقارنة مع معاملة السيطرة. وقد أظهرت نتائج التحليل الأحصائي وجود أختلافات معنوية ((P<0.01في دلائل النمو للطحلب إذ كان معدل النمو لمعاملة السيطرة (7.5201 خلية / ساعة (و معدل زمن تضاعف (9.87 خلية / ساعة (. عند دمج العنصرين ( الرصاص والزنك) فان معدل التثبيط خلال 24ساعة الأولى كان نمو طبيعياً وغير متاثر بينما ظهر التثبيط شدتة في الأيام الأحقة من التجربة وشهد التثبيط زيادة معنوية عند دمج العنصرين وهذا بفعل التأثير التضاديAntagonistic effect للعنصرين في معدلات نمو الطحلب إٍذ قل تأثيرهما مقارنة بتراكيزها المنفردة.

growth --- heavy metals --- Alga

ABSTRACT:BACKGROUND:Growth in patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is influenced by several factors, they suffer the influence of the disease itself as long as there is proteinuria, caused by the increase of the glomerular permeability and leading to hypoproteinemia. The effects of the glucocorticoid treatment, which alters growth by a direct action on the growth cartilage, or via disturbances of growth factors. In this study we assess the effect of nephrotic syndrome, it's relapse rate and it's treatment (i.e. steroid), in the statural growth of steroid sensitive nephrotic patients.METHODS:A Prospective study of 110 steroid responsive nephrotic patients collected from AL- Kadhemia Teaching Hospital, Central Child Teaching Hospital, Child Wellfaire Teaching Hospital & AL-Karama Teaching Hospital. The study started from first of June 2005 to first of June 2006. Data collected as following: age, sex, date of first diagnosis, duration of disease, number of relapses per year, measurement of the height, weight and body mass index and sign of steroid toxicity.RESULTS:Total number of our patients were 110, 74(67.3%) were males and 36(32.7%) were females, with male to female ratio of 2:1. The age of our patients range from 2-18 years with a mean of 7.9+3.8 years.Thirty-one (28.2%) of them were with height below 3rd percentile for their age, 24(77.4%) were males and 7(22.6%) were females.Twenty- five (22.7%) patients were at pubertal age. Eighteen (72%) were males and 7(28%) were females, and 17(68%) of them have height below 3rd percentile.Seventy –six (69%) patients have their onset of the disease at age between 2 and 6 years. Forty-six (41.8%) of patients have disease duration of less than 3 years, 3 (6.5%) of them were have height below 3rd percentile, 46(41.8%) with duration of 3-6years, 14(30.4%) them were have height below 3rd percentile and 18(16.4%) with duration of more than 6 years, 14(77.8%) of them have height below 3rd percentile.Fifty-five (50%) patients had frequent relapses, twenty-seven (49.1%) of them have height below 3rd percentile, compared to 4(7.3%) of those with infrequent relapse had height below 3rd percentile.Forty-seven (42.7%) patients show sign of steroid toxicity(cushigoid facial appearance with or with out hypertention,obesity,hirsutism..etc) 25(53.2%) of them have height below 3rd percentile, compared to 6(9.5%) of those who have no sign of toxicity.CONCLUSSION:Nephrotic syndrome is a potentially chronic disease with patients suffering a relapsing course and being at risk of frequent courses of prednisolone therapy with increase the risk of growth delay especially in patients reaching pubertal age and still taking steroid therapy.

Growth Delay --- Steroid --- Nephrotic.

AbstractBackground: Children with cerebral palsy are frequently associated with poor growth mainly due to inadequate nutritional intake resulting from feeding difficulties. The majority of the studies on growth status of children with cerebral palsy had been performed in western countries.Objectives: To evaluate growth status of a sample of children with cerebral palsy.Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study on 92 Iraqi children with cerebral palsy (52 males and 40 females). All the care givers were interviewed and anthropometric measurements of children were performed.Results: Mean age was 2.8±1.66 years with 17.4% of children were infants, 67.4% were less than 5 years of age, and 15.2% were 5 years and more. The percentage of weight for age, height for age, and weight for height z-scores under -2SD were 32.6%, 34.78%, and 11.95% respectively, and they were all higher among children of the older age group 5 years and more. Microcephally was present in 36.95% of cases, and macrocephally in 3.26% of cases. Conclusion: The study showed that the children with cerebral palsy suffer from growth retardation.Key words: Growth status, cerebral palsy

الملخص:المقدمة: لقد اثبتت الدراسات السابقة وخصوصا في البلدان الغربية ان الاطفال المصابين بالشلل الدماغي عادة ما يعانون من ضعف النمو والسبب الرئيسي في ذلك هو التغذية الغير كافية والناتجة عن صعوبة التغذية لدى هؤلاء الاطفالالهدف من الدراسة: لتقييم حالة النمو عند عينه من الأطفال العراقيين المصابين بالشلل الدماغي.الطريقة: دراسة وصفية ل اثنتان وتسعون حالة شلل دماغي (٥٢ ذكور,٤٠ إناث), ومتوسط العمر 2٫8±1٫66 سنه وبفئات عمرية ١٧٫٤٪ لدون السنة, ٦٧٫٤٪ لدون الخمس سنوات, ١٥٫٢٪ لمن هم بعمر خمس سنوات وأكثر. تم جمع المعلومات بالمقابلة الشخصية مع مرافقة الطفل (الأم), وتم قياس الوزن, الطول, ومحيط الرأس لجميع الأطفال.النتائج: أظهرت النتائج إن أوزان ٣٢٫٦٪ وأطوال ٣٤٫٧٨٪ هي دون الطبيعي لأعمارهم. وعند مقارنة الوزن بالطول فأن ١١٫٩٥٪ منهم كان دون الطبيعي وان محيط الرأس عند ٣٦٫٩٥٪ من الحالات كان دون الطبيعي, وفي ٣٫٢٦٪ فقط من الحالات كان أكثر من الطبيعي. الاستنتاج: يستنتج من الدراسة إن الأطفال المصابين بالشلل الدماغي يعانون من تأخر في النمو والذي يحتاج الى اهتمام غذائي وطبي .

Growth status --- cerebral palsy

BSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Asthma is a chronic disease &the chronic disease states regardless etiology can cause growth failure ininfant &toddler. OBJECTIVE :To assess growth of asthmatic patients PATIENT AND METHODS: One hundred asthmatic children between (5-15 years) of age . Both asthmatic & control group studied in term of height, weight & Skin fold thickness, all anthropometric measurements of height, weight &skinfold thickness measured for both groups.RESULT: Height, weight &skin fold thickness were significantly retarded in asthmatic, the more severe thedisease &longer duration the more retardation in the height & weight.The height was affected more than the weight by the disease duration & severity .The diminution in skinfold thickness was retarded both with increase disease duration & severity but the female was lessretarded than male as the disease duration prolonged.CONCLUSION: All growth parameter (height, weight, SFT) affected by asthma (duration & severity), so the growthparameters can be used in asthmatic children to evaluate the effect of treatment

growth parameter --- bronchial asthma.