AbstractObjective: To assess nurses' beliefs toward reporting suspected child abuse. To achieve the objectives of the study a questionnaire of child abuse was used. Methodology:- The sample of the study consist of (224) registered nurses who were employed in general hospitals, pediatric hospitals, National psychiatry and mental illness center, nursing colleges, nursing schools.Data were collected from 20 April 2004 to 20 June 2004.Data were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical analysis. Percentage frequency and mean and inferential data analysis ANOVA.Results: - The result of the study revealed that there was highly significant positive relationship between education and time spent with children, and significant relationship between nurses' beliefs and reporting behavior of suspected child abuse. It was concluded from the study that the nurses had poor knowledge of reporting procedure regard suspected child abuse. Recommendation: - The study recommended improving nurses' skills in reporting of suspected child abuse as importance of nurse's education and training about child abuse and reporting procedure of suspected child abuse.Key words: Child abuse, Nurses beliefs

الهدف:- دراسة وصفية أجريت لتقيم اعتقادات الممرضين تجاه الإبلاغ عن الإساءة للأطفال المتوقعة في الأردن.ولتحقيق أهداف البحث تم استخدام استبيان خاص بالإساءة للأطفال.المنهجية:- شملت عينه البحث 224 ممرض ممرضة قانونيين معينتين في المستشفيات العامة مستشفيات الأطفال ,المركز الوطني للأمراض النفسية والعقلية, ,كليات التمريض ,مدارس التمريض . تم جمع العينة من 24 نيسان 2004 ولغاية 20 حزيران 2004.كما تم تحليل البيانات من خلال تطبيق التحليل الإحصائي الوصفي والتكرار والوسط الحسابي والنسبة المئوي والتحليل الإحصائي الاستنتاجي و تحليل التباين.النتائج:- أشارت نتائج البحث بوجود علاقة أيجابه ذات دلالة إحصائية عالية بين التعليم والتدريب والوقت الذي يقضى مع الأطفال كذلك وجود علاقة ذات دلاله إحصائية بين اعتقادات الممرضين وأسلوب الإبلاغ عن الإساءة المتوقعة للأطفال استنتجت الدراسة آن الممرضين لديهم معرفة قليلة عن عمليه الإبلاغ عن الإساءة المتوقعة للأطفال.التوصيات:- أوصت الدراسة بتحسين مهارات الممرضين تجاه الإبلاغ عن الإساءة للطفولة وضرورة تدريب وتعليم الممرضين حول الإساءة للأطفال وعملية الإبلاغ عنها.

Child abuse --- Nurses beliefs

Background & objectives: Generalized anxiety disorder is a common psychiatric disorder; it may act as a risk factor for psychoactive substance abuse and dependency development. The objectives are to assess the degree of abuse and dependency in generalized anxiety disorder patients, and the effect of treating the disorder on substances abuse and dependency. Methods: 120 patients with generalized anxiety disorder, diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), were studied from January 2007 to June 2008 for the presence of psychoactive substance abuse and dependency according to DSM-IV. All cases were managed for six months by the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine (35-75mg/day), with counseling to decrease anxiety by reassurance and anxiety management including relaxation training, in addition to supporting and encouraging the patients with abuse to stop the used psychoactive substances by a tapering schedule over weeks.Results: Substance abuse were presents in 32.5% of patients (tobacco 17.5%, benzodiazepines 13.3%, and alcohol 1.7%), this rate decreased to 13.3% (tobacco 11.7%, benzodiazepines 0.8%, and alcohol 0.8%) six months after starting treatment. The decrease in benzodiazepines abuse and dependency was greater than that in tobacco or alcohol.Conclusion: Generalized anxiety disorder appears to encourage abuse on psychoactive substances. Treating the disorder decreases abuse and using imipramine appears to have a good therapeutic effect on generalized anxiety disorder with low risk for abuse.

Generalized anxiety disorder --- Abuse --- Dependency

Objective: The present study aims to assess the stressful life events for patients with substance abuse in Baghdad city. Methodology: A descriptive study was carried out at (Baghdad teaching hospital and Ibn-Rushed Psychiatric hospital). Starting from 1st of December 2012 to 3rd of July 2013, A non-probability (purposive) sample of 64 patients that diagnosed with substance abuse, the data were collected through the use of semi-structured interview by questionnaire, which consists of three parts sociodemographic data, medical information, and Life events scale consists of 49-items distributed to six domains including, family and social domain, health domain, security, legal and criminal domain, work and school domain, financial domain, and change of residence domain. A pilot study was carried out to determine the questionnaire reliability through the use of (Cronbach alpha). Validity of the instrument was established through penal of (13) experts. Data was analyzed by application of descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results: The study findings revealed that all sample (100%) are males, and about half of sample were at age (20-29) years, (50.8%) of them had completed primary school, married, unskilled worker, and more than two third- of them were living in urban area. Health domain and family and social domain had more effects on patients than other domains. Recommendations: Increase the individual awareness about management of the stressful life events to decrease the impact of life events upon their Psychological health.

المستخلـص:الهـدف: تهدف الدراسة الحالية الى تقييم الاحداث الحياتية الضاغطة للمتعاطين لمواد الادمان في مدينة بغداد. المنهجيّة: اجریت دراسة وصفیة في مستشفى بغداد التعليمي و مستشفى ابن رشد للطب النفسي للمدة من 1 تشرين الثاني 2012 ولغایة 3 تموز2013 أختيرت عينة غير أحتمالية " غرضية " من ( 64) مريض مصاب بسوء أستعمال المواد. جمعت المعلومات بطريقة المقابلة شبة الممنهجة من خلال أستخدام أستبانة مكونة من ثلاثة أجزاء :- المعلومات الديموغرافية و المعلومات الطبية ومقياس الاحداث الحياتية الضاغطة و يشمل(49) فقرة موزعة على ستة أبعاد وهي البعد العائلي والاجتماعي، البعد الصحي، البعد الامني القانوني والاجرامي، بعد العمل والمدرسة، البعد المادي، وبعد تغير محل السكن. تمّ إجراء دراسة تجريبية لتحديد ثبات الإستمارة الإستبيانية بإستعمال طريقة (كرونباخ الفا) وحددت مصداقيتها من خلال مجموعة مكونة من (13) خبير.أستخدمت أجراءات التحليل الاحصائي الوصفي و الاستدلالي في تحليل البيانات. النتائـج: أشارت نتائج الدراسة إلى أنّ جميع افراد العينة (100%) من الذكور، وما يقارب نصف العينة تتراوح أعمارهم بين (20-29) سنة، (50.8%) منهم أكملوالدراسة الإبتدائية، متزوجين، عمال غير ماهرين، واكثر من ثلثي العينة من سكنة المناطق الحضرية . وكذلك اظهرت النتائج ان بعد الحالة الصحية و البعد العائلي والاجتماعي يكون اكثرتاثيرا على المرضى من بقية الابعاد الاخرى. التوصيـات: اوصت الدراسة بضرورة زيادة وعي الافراد حول كيفية التعامل مع الاحداث الحياتية الضاغطة للتقليل من تاثير الاحداث الحياتية الضاغطة على الصحة النفسية.

Assessment --- Stressful life events --- Substance abuse

AbstractWe ate Search abuse of freedom of the press and tried to take the subject through the definition of the concept of freedom of the press in the Islamic law, glue, and concluded that freedom of opinion in Islam, and considering that the freedom of the press, one important her applications, the most important rights guaranteed by Islam to express his opinion freely and without any control, as long as that expression of pure God Almighty and the goodness and the goodness of human society that this right in Islamic jurisprudence be entertained as we have said previously may be restricted according to the things you want to express an opinion on them, as we approached the constitutional regulation of freedom of the press and how to most constitutions in the world included this emphasizes the principles of freedom independently of the rights and freedoms of other desiring to grant this freedom prestige of the constitutional document.Finally we got the responsibility arising from the abuse of press freedom by identifying the people responsible for the abuse of freedom of the press and they press to be responsible in accordance with the general rules and not assumed responsibility as the responsibility of the editor and the responsibility of the owner of the newspaper and the responsibility of character and imported as well as the responsibility of the vendor, distributor and label who is also their responsibility to be assumed Finally, the responsibility of chairman of the party be similar to the responsibility of the editor's responsibility.As we got that out of the origin of the right when using the freedom of the press leads to the imposition of several sanctions against the perpetrator of the right hand and the newspaper on the other hand has such sanctions be criminal, administrative or may be related to a civil compensation.

ملخص البحثسنناقش موضوع التعسف في استعمال حرية الصحافة وحاولنا الاحاطة بالموضوع من خلال تعريف مفهوم حرية الصحافة في الشريعة الاسلامية الغراء ، وتوصلنا الى ان حرية الرأي في الاسلام وباعتبار ان حرية الصحافة احدى التطبيقات الهامة لها ، من اهم الحقوق التي كفلها الاسلام في ابداء الرأي بكل حرية ودون اية رقابة ، مادام ذلك التعبير خالصاً لله سبحانه وتعالى وفيه الخير والصلاح للمجتمع الانساني على ان هذا الحق في الفقه الاسلامي يكون مطلقاً كما قلنا سابقاً وقد يكون مقيداً بحسب الامور المراد ابداء الرأي فيها ، كما تناولنا التنظيم الدستوري لحرية الصحافة وكيف ان اكثر الدساتير في دول العالم تضمنت مبادئ تؤكد هذه الحرية بصورة مستقلة عن الحقوق والحريات الاخرى رغبة منها في منح هذه الحرية هيبة الوثيقة الدستورية .

Abuse --- Press Freedom --- التعسف --- استعمال حرية الصحافة.

Background and objective: In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in studying domestic abuse against women and its impact on self-esteem and coping style. The aim of this study was to make inquiries about types of domestic abuses among a sample of Kurdish women in addition to looking into the level of self-esteem of those who faced domestic violence.Methods: 120 women who were victims of domestic abuse living in Erbil rural and urban surroundings were recruited from July 15th to October 23rd, 2014. Two scale questionnaires were implemented in this study; domestic abuse questionnaire was taken from Iman and Ahmadi and self-esteem questionnaire by Rosenberg. The data were analyzed through the use of the statistical package for the social sciences (version 11). The analysis systems used for the data management procedures were Pearson correlation coefficients, descriptive statistics, frequencies, and One-sample t-test.Results: Physical abuse is the most frequently occurring domestic abuse type among Kurdish women, while the psychological abuse was reported to a lesser extent (mean 24.6167 and 13.2417 respectively). The levels of the study participant's self-esteems were found to be relatively high (mean score 17.64), while there was a positive correlation between self-esteem and psychological abuse detected (person correlation = 0.091) which was not statistically significant at the level of (P = 0.326). Conclusion: Study participants encountered physical domestic abuse more than other types of abuse; still the participant's mean score for their self-esteem is relatively higher than the hypothetical one

Self-esteem --- Domestic abuse --- Erbil --- Kurdistan