The aim of this paper is to determine the feasibility of using fluorometric methods as an indicator for quality and contamination of milk with E.coli bacteria, and selection the suitable wavelength to be used with laser induced auto fluorescence. Three groups of milk samples were used in this study: Fresh pasteurized milk samples, milk samples containing different concentration of E.coli bacteria which were added artificially, and milk samples that were kept in refrigerator for 3-5 days. Thirteen excitation wavelengths were used to get the emission spectra for all milk samples using spectroflourometer .The results showed that the emission spectra at 275nm excitation wavelength gave a good differentiation between these three groups. The data analysis demonstrated that the proposed method can bring progress in identification of milk quality and contamination with rapidness, high sensitivity and low cost diagnostic tool. Laser light at this wavelength that transmitted by optical fiber can be used for milk samples examination in situe and for more precise results.

الهدف من هذا البحث هو لتحديد امكانية استخدام طرق التفلور كمؤشر لنوعية الحليب وتلوثه ببكتيريا الاشريشيا القولونية وامكانية تحديد الطول الموجي المناسب لاستخدامه في التفلور المحتث بالليزر.أستخدمت في هذه الدراسة ثلاث مجاميع من الحليب ، حليب مبستر وحليب تمت اضافة البكتريا اليه بتراكيز مختلفة ونماذج حليب تم حفضها بالثلاجة لمدة ثلاثة الى خمسة ايام.تم استخدام ثلاثة عشر طول موجي كأطياف تحفيز للحصول على اطياف الانبعاث.اظهرت النتائج بأن اطياف الانبعاث عند الطول الموجي 275 نانومتر ممكن ان تعطي تمييز واضح بين المجاميع الثلاثة . اظهر تحليل البيانات بأن هذه الطريقة يمكن أن تعطي فعالية في التمييز بين عينات الحليب بدقة وسرعة وكلفة قليلة.كما يمكن استخدام الليزر المنقول عن طريق الليف البصري لفحص نماذج الحليب في الموقع بدقة عالية.

Milk phlourescence --- Bacterial contamination

Three hundred milk product samples were collected from different locations of Basrah province. By using enrichment broth technique and Brucella selective medium nine isolates (8 from soft cheese and one from cream) where isolated. No Brucella strain was isolated from ice-cream. The species and biotypes of these isolates were determined and it was found that 4 isolates of Brucella abortus biotype 4 and 5 isolates of B. melitensis biotype 2. Antibiotic sensitivity test showed that all isolates were sensitive to streptomycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, rifampicin, trimethoprim, trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline, some strains showed resistance to doxycyclin, cephalexin, ampicillin and erythromycin. Brucella isolates also showed growth in different range of temperature and pH.

تم جمع 300 عينة من منتجات الحليب من مناطق مختلفة من البصرة. باستخدام طريقة الاوساط الاغنائية والوسط الانتخابي للبروسيللا تم عزل تسعة عزلات من البروسيلا ثمانية منها من الجبن الطري المحلي وواحد من القيمر المحلي الا انه لم يتم عزل اي عزلة بروسيلا من مرطبات الايس كريم. تم تشخيص هذه العزلات ووجد ان أربعة منها من البروسيلا المجهضة وخمسة منها من البروسيلا المالطية. من خلال دراسة الحساسية الدوائية لها لوحظ ان جميع العزلات كانت حساسة للمضادات streptomycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, rifampicin, trimethoprim, trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline الا ان اغلب العزلات اظهرت مقاومة للمضادات doxycyclin, cephalexin, ampicillin and erythromycin.. وعند دراسة تاثير الحرارة وال PH لوحظ نمو العزلات في مديات مختلفة من الحرارة وال PH .

milk --- trimethoprim --- sulfamethoxazole

Two hundred samples (cow’s and goat’s milk75 for each,their farm soil 25and 25water samples )from different origin have been cultured on Ashdown selective agar which gave a higher percentage (36.5%)for B. pseudomallei isolation , 64% was observed in farm soil followed by water samples 48% than cow’s milk33.33% and finally the goat’s milk 26.66%. According to L-arabinose biotyping , 39.72% of the B.pseudomallei isolates were positive for arabinose (Arb+) and 60.3% of isolates were negative for arabinose (Arb-).The virulence testing revealed that most bacterial isolates yield haemolysin, protease, lipase and lecithenase in a percentage of 97.3% , 82.2%, 89.04% and 84.9% respectively.The Arb- biotypes were more virulent than Arb+ biotypes with significant differences (P< 0.05).All bacterial isolates were characterized by their ability to form capsule(100%),.This study confirmed the presence of casein proteolytic and necrotizing enzymes in the suspension of B.pseudomallei .Proteins concentration in this suspension was 0.00248 mg/ml .

Goat milk --- Arabinose --- Soil

Ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia spp.) was detected in 132(70 Iranian,32 Turkish and 30 local breed)calves (10-14 months old) and 18 dairy cows of local breed (3-5 years old). Animals were brought to Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul –Iraq from different farms of Mosul city-Iraq, with clinical signs of fever(40-41C0),anorexia ,emaciation, decrease of milk yield in dairy cows ,paleness of mucous membrane, lymph node enlargement and ticks were detected on different body regions .All blood and buffy coat smears of calves were positive for morula like structures inside the cytoplasm of neutrophils , lymphocytes and monocytes when staining by Giemsa and Wright stains. For all animals , the appearance of Ehrlichia spp. Organisms in leukocytes coincided with erythropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia and a decrease in hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration. For eighteen dairy cows, Ehrlichia spp. organisms were identified in leukocytes of blood and milk samples. This is apparently the first evidence for Ehrlichia spp. infection in cattle in Iraq. In conclusion, the present study documents that Ehrlichia infection exists in Mosul-Iraq and indicates that the bacterium has been present but unnoticed in the area .Further investigation will be needed in order to characterize different species of Ehrlichia infection in cattle, and explain the role of vector and imported animals in introduction of the disease to our country

Ehrlichiosis --- milk. Cows

The antibacterial activity of the aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Lawsonia inermis (henna) leaves were tested against 46 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk, also tested against standard bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853). The highest antibacterial potency was observed for the methanolic extract with zone of inhibition (14.3043 ± 1.8722 mm), followed by ethanolic (12.9565 ± 2.0106 mm) then aqueous (11.6304 ± 2.2446 mm). The effect of methanolic extract against methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates was the excellent in comparison to other extracts (14.1± 1.88 mm) zone of inhibition followed by ethanolic (12.91 ± 2.372 mm) then aqueous (12 ± 2.41 mm). The isolates were subjected Kirby Bauer method to test their antibiotic susceptibility pattern, substantial antibiotic resistance were shown by 46 (100%) of isolates for ampicillin. Moderate resistance was shown by 31(67.4%) for oxacillin and low resistance was observed by erythromycin. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed that the presence of high amount of phenolic compounds in methanolic extract (5.4) mg/ml, ethanolic (4.9) mg/ml and aqueoeus (3) mg/ml.MRSA provides a prospecting for new compounds which may be particularly effective against infections that are currently difficult to treat (1).Aims of the conducted study are: 1) an attempt to determine the antibacterial activity of aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of henna (Lawsonia inermis Linn) leaves against S. aureus isolates, and Gram negative bacteria. 2) antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates. 3) explore the biochemical constituents of extracts.

Raw milk --- Bacteria --- methicillin.