:The present study aimed to isolate and identify the microorganisms associated withcausing problems to patient in all period of wearing fixed orthodontic appliance ( FOA) in Ramadi city.Sixty-six patients treated with FOA for a period ranged from 14 – 35 years included in this study wabswere collected from gingival area around fixed orthodontic appliance to be cultured aerobically. Manyimportant pathogens were isolated and identified in all age groups and in all duration include candidaalbicans, E.coli, Klebsiella spp., Staphylococci and many α.Hemolytic and β.HemolyticStreptococci.The study recommended the use of antibiotic and antifungal drugs during wearingappliance in addition to the maintenance of a good oral hygiene.Further study is also recommended tocover the role of anaerobic bacteri

الخلاصة:هدفت الد ا رسة إلى عزل وتشخیص المسببات المرضیة الم ا رفقة للمعالجة بأجهزة التقویم الثابتة للأسنان خلال فت ا رت متفاوتةمن وجود الجهاز في الفم في مدینة الرمادي . شملت الد ا رسة ٦٦ شخصاً من الذین یحملون جهاز التقویم الثابت وت ا روحت أعمارهم بین٣٥ سنة جمعت المسحات من اللثة من منطقة تواجد الجهاز وعزلها هوائیاً بینت نتائج الزرع نمو عدد كبیر من مسببات – ١٤β.Hemolytic و α.Hemolytic و Staphylococci و Klebsiella spp., وE.coli, وCandida albicans المرض منهاأوصت الد ا رسة على ضرورة استعمال بعض المضادات الحیویة ومضادات الفطریات أثناء المعالجة إضافة إلى Streptococci.توعیة المریض بالاهتمام بنظافة الفم والأسنان.وأوصت الد ا رسة بضرورة إج ا رء د ا رسة مستقبلیة شاملة على البكتریا اللاهوائیة لمعرفةدورها .

:Microorganisms --- orthodontic appliances --- Ramadi

Background: This study measured the effects of three parameters pH value, length of immersion and type of archwireon metal ions released from orthodontic appliances.Materials and Methods: Ninety maxillary halves simulated fixed orthodontic appliances that were immersed inartificial saliva of different pH values (6.75, 5 and 3.5) during 28 day period. Three types of archwires were used:stainless steel, nickel titanium and thermal activated nickel titanium. The quantity of nickel and chromium ions wasdetermined with the use of atomic force spectrophotometer while iron ions by spectrophotometer. Each orthodonticset was weighted two times, before the ligation and immersion in the artificial saliva and after 28 days at the end ofimmersion period using analytic balance device.Results: The release different metal ions was observed: nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe)). Statistically analysis ofvariance (ANOVA) and t-test were used. Results showed that (1) the appliances released measurable quantities ofallions examined; (2) the change in pH had a very strong effect on the release of ions; (3) the release of ions wasdependent on wire composition, but it was not proportionalto the content of metal in the wire and (4) orthodonticsamples showed decreases in the weight at the end of the study.Conclusion: Levels of released ions are sufficient to cause delayed allergic reactions. This must be taken into accountwhen type of archwire is selected, especially in patients with hypersensitivityor compromised oral hygiene

Orthodontic appliances --- ions released --- pH.

Objective :The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that there is no difference in salivary metal ion content between subjects with fixed orthodontic appliances and their same-gender sister or brother without any orthodontic appliance.Materials and Methods: Fifty orthodontic patients were included in this study. The first group consisted of 25 patients (14 female, 11 male) with fixed appliances placed in their upper and lower arches. The second group consisted of 25 patients(13 female, 12 male) with a fixed appliance placed only in the upper arch. In order to limit the effects of dietary and hygiene habits on salivary metal ion concentration, a same-gender brother or sister (total of 50 subjects) was selected as a control (25 female, 25 male) who were not undergoing orthodontic treatment. Four samples of stimulated saliva were collected from each patient before insertion of the fixed appliance, 1 month after insertion of the appliance, 2 months after insertion of the appliance and 6 months after insertion of the appliance. The 4 samples of saliva were collected from each control patient at the same time intervals as for the fixed-appliance groups .Approximately 5 ml of saliva was collected from each subject. Saliva samples were analyzed for nickel, chromium, by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The detection limit of the method for sample solutions was 1 ng/ml. Statistical analysis was performed by nonparametric tests (Mann–Whitney U and Wilcoxon W).The Wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks used to test differences between samples before and after insertion of the orthodontic appliances. A Kruskal Wallis 1-way analysis of variance was used to test differences in nickel and chromium concentration among the 3 test groups. A Kruskal Wallis 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test differences in nickel and chromium concentrations among the 3 test groups.Results: The mean salivary nickel (Ni) content in subjects with and without a fixed orthodontic appliance was 16.8 ± 12.2 ng/ml and 10.3 ± 11.7 ng/ml, respectively. A statistically significant difference (P < 0.041) was found between the two groups. The mean salivary chromium (Cr) ion level recorded was 2.4 ± 1.8 ng/ml in the study group and 2.1 ± 1.6 ng/ml in the control group. The difference, however, was statistically insignificant.Conclusion: Nickel and chromium ion concentrations increased immediately after placement of the appliance in the mouth for all study groups. There were no significant differences in the nickel ,chromium levels released by the three groups of appliances at all study periods.Within the limits of this in vivo study, it can be concluded that the presence of fixed orthodontic appliances leads to an increased concentration of metal ions in salivary secretions

هو اختبار الفرضية بانه لا يوجد فرق في محتوى ايون الفلز اللعابي بين الاشخاص الحاملين لجهاز التقويم الثابت بالمقارنة مع اشقائهم من نفس الجنس بدون أي جهاز تقويم.المواد والطرق: تم تضمين 50 مريض تقويم في الدراسة.المجموعة الولى تكونت من 25 مريض(14 اناث و 11 ذكور) مع جهاز التقويم الثابت في الفك العلوي والسفلي .المجموعة الثانية تكونت من 25 مريض (13 اناث و 12 ذكور) مع جهاز تقويم ثابت في الفك العلوي فقط.ولغرض تحديد تاثيرات الطعام والعادات الصحية على تركيز ايون الفلز اللعابي تم المقارنة مع 50 شخص قياسي (25 اناث و 25 ذكور) وهم اشقائهم من نفس الجنس بدون أي جهاز تقويم.تم جمع اربع عينات من اللعاب المحفز من كل مريض الاولى قبل ادراج الجهاز والثانية بعد شهر من ادراج الجهاز والثالثة بعد شهرين من ادراج الجهاز والرابعة بعد ستة اشهر من ادراج الجهاز.نفس الاربع عينات جمعت من كل مريض قياسي في نفس الفترات الزمنية لمرضى الجهاز الثابت.تم جمع تقريبا 5 مل من اللعاب من كل مريض تقريبا .تم تحليل عينات من اللعاب للنيكل والكروم بواسطة كهروحرارية المقياس الطيفي للامتصاص الذري.كان الحد من الكشف عن طريقة ايجاد حلول عينة 1 نانوغرام/مل.تم اجراء التحليل الاحصائي عن طريق اختبارات اللامعلمية.Wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranksاستعمل لاختبار الفروقات بين العينات قبل و بعد ادراج اجهزة التقويم.تحليل التباين A Kruskal Wallis 1-wayاستعمل لاختبار الفروقات في تركيز النيكل والكروم في المجاميع الثلاثة. النتائج:معدل محتوى النيكل اللعابي في الاشخاص مع وبدون جهاز التقويم الثابت 12.2±16.8 نانوغرام/مل و ±11.310.3 نانوغرام/مل تتابعيا.وجد هناك فرق احصائي هام بين المجموعتين.المستويات المسجلة لمعدل الكروم اللعابي كانت 1.8 ±2.4 نانوغرام/مل في مجموعة الدراسة و1.6± 2.1 نانوغرام/مل في مجموعة القياس.لكن الفرق احصائيا كان ضئيل.ضمن حدود هذه الدراسة الحية ممكن الاستنتاج بانه وجود اجهزة التقويم الثابتة تؤدي الى زيادة تركيز ايونات الفلز في الافراز اللعابي.

Nickel --- Chromium --- saliva --- Fixed orthodontic appliances.